No abstract

We investigated the chromosome complement of Muraena Helena L. using C-banding, nucleolar organizer region silver staining, and restriction endonuclease digestion. We found a diploid number identical to that previously found in other Muraenidae (2n = 42). C-banding revealed the presence of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeres of all chromosomes as well as in most telomeres of acrocentric chromosomes. Nucleolar organizer regions were detected only on the short arm of chromosome 7. Digestion with either HaeIII, MboI, or DdeI restriction endonucleases produced a clearcut, specific banding pattern for each enzyme and indicated the existence of at least two different classes of highly repetitive DNAs. The short arm of chromosome 7 varied in size and staining characteristics.

The deep-sea habitat, from 200 to 2000 m depth, has long been thought as an ecosystem where biotic and abiotic factors vary very little and consequently species are not disturbed by processes and phenomena which could promote fast evolutionary mechanisms. Unfortunately, biological information relating to deep water is limited, especially regarding the population genetics of species inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, and general patterns cannot be inferred. In this study we report data on the population genetic structure of Aristeus antennatus, a deep-sea decapod crustacean species which has been widely studied due to its important economic value. We surveyed and examined the variation in a 369-bp fragment of the mtDNA control region from individuals caught by Spanish and Italian trawlers in eight localities. High levels of mitochondrial control region haplotypic diversity (ranging from 0.884 to 0.989) were observed. AMOVA showed a high level of genetic variation, more within than between populations, and a low but significant ΦST value was recovered. Minimum spanning network did not separate any haplotype group and haplotype distribution does not mirror the geographic origin of the samples. The absence of population substructuring was also observed with a principal coordinates analysis, which uses an individual-by-individual comparison. These results revealed extensive gene flow among populations. Information on demographic history based on mismatch analysis revealed an unstable population, showing an alternate pattern of growth and decline. Our results indicated that in the western and central Mediterranean basins A. antennatus is a large panmictic population with a fluctuating abundance. The absence of deep-sea barriers and adult migration may prevent the structuring of the species into genetically differentiated populations

suMMarY: Movement patterns of the spiny lobster Palinurus elephas were determined from 389 individuals (total tagged 5666) tag-recaptured inside a no-take area of the central western Mediterranean and its surrounding zone. High site association and limited movements in tagged lobsters was observed; 60.4% of lobsters moved less than 2 km from the centre of the area (site of release). no clear relationship between lobster movement pattern and sex or size was observed; however, it seemed that the largest males and females tended to be more resident, thus contributing to the rebuilding of the biomass of local lobsters. Most lobsters undertook migrations in the southwest direction. the increased availability of shelters and food towards the southwest could have contributed to the lobsters' movement. the results of our research indicate that the small size of the protected area and the scale of the movement exhibited by tagged lobsters allows a proportion of the lobster population to move out of the protected area and become susceptible to capture in the adjacent fishery.Keywords: lobster, Palinurus elephas, protected area, spillover, movement. resuMen: Pautas de movimiento de la langosta Palinurus elePhas (Fabricius, 1787) desde un área protegida en el Mediterráneo occidental central. -se determinaron las pautas de movimiento de 389 individuos de la langosta Palinurus elephas (total marcados 5666) marcados y recapturados en el interior de un área protegida (sin captura) así como de su área circundante. en las langostas marcadas se observó una elevada asociación al lugar de liberación, así como movimientos limitados: el 60.4% de las langostas se movieron menos de 2 km desde el centro del área de liberación. no se observó ninguna clara relación entre las pautas de movimiento de las langostas y su sexo y talla; no obstante, hay una tendencia a que los machos y hembras grandes muestren un comportamiento más residente, contribuyendo así al aumento de la biomasa local. la mayor parte de langostas mostró migraciones en dirección sudoeste. la mayor disponibilidad de refugios y alimento hacia el sudoeste pudo haber contribuído al movimiento de las langostas. los resultados de este estudio indican que el pequeño tamaño del área protegida y la escala de movimientos mostrados por las langostas marcadas permite a una porción de la población su salida del área protegida y su susceptibilidad a la captura en la pesquería adyacente.

Genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci was studied in nine populations of the blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus to investigate whether distinct stocks are present in the Western Mediterranean Sea. A high level of gene flow and no evidence of genetic partitioning were discovered. No significant variation was found (FST = 0.00673, P‐value = 0.067) even when shrimps from exploited and those from deep‐water unexploited grounds were compared. No evidence of reduction or expansion of population size in the recent past was found, as indicated by the bottleneck and interlocus g‐tests. Our results are consistent with previous studies using mitochondrial gene methods and allozymes, indicating that, for this species, extensive pelagic larval dispersal and adult migration are probably responsible for the genetic homogeneity observed. In particular, due to a different bathymetric distribution of males and females, reported to be associated with different water masses and hence with possible differential dispersal capacity between sexes, the hypothesis of sex‐biased dispersal was tested. Mean values of corrected assignment indices and mean relatedness values were higher for males, suggesting that females are the more widely dispersing sex. Molecular assessment of A. antennatus from the Western Mediterranean provides data of biological and evolutionary interest for the successful management of such a highly valuable fishery resource.

This paper explores structure and spatial distribution of fish assemblages in an area of the central-western Mediterranean Sea (south Sardinian deep-waters) at depths between 546 and 1598m. A total of 67 species (12 chondrichthyes and 55 teleosteans) were sampled. Multivariate analysis showed a clear pattern of zonation. Three main assemblages were identified within the vertical range investigated: the first situated in the shallower area between 546 and 699m, the second group between 720 and 1099m, and the third between 1145 and 1598m. Abundance values declined with increasing depth. Highest biomass values were found at depths of 720-1099m with the presence of larger species such as Galeus melastomus, Mora moro, Trachyrhynchus scabrus and Alepocephalus rostratus. Species richness decreased with depth. The deepest bottoms of the central-western Mediterranean Sea shelter an ichthyofauna dominated by small to medium-sized species living in a food-scarce environment in which some large mobile fishes are widesprea

Stick insects have been studied mainly for non-conventional reproduction modes, such as parthenogenesis, hybridogenesis and androgenesis. Parallel karyological investigations have evidenced extensive numerical and structural chromosome re-patterning, particularly evident in hybrid parthenogenetic taxa. Chromosome sets of bisexual Leptynia (Pantel) species show an evolutionary trend from 40 to 36 chromosomes and are characterized by cytological satellites of variable size and localization. We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using 45S ribosomal genes and pentameric (TTAGG)n telomere sequences as probes in two strictly related but karyotypically distinct species, L. montana Scali (2n = 38/37; XX/XO) and L. attenuata Pantel (2n = 36). L. attenuata has recently been split into three subspecies (L. attenuata attenuata, L. attenuata iberica and L. attenuata algarvica), and found to share an XX/XY sex chromosome formula, unusual for stick insects. FISH by 45S rDNA sequences consistently labelled the short arm of the 4th chromosome pair, often of a variable size. Silver staining showed that nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are active. FISH of the telomeric repeats, besides ordinary telomeres, also labelled the short arm of this same pair. The use of both probes in double FISH analysis fully confirmed the co-localization of ribosomal and telomeric highly repeated sequences. Since it is increasingly emerging that the co-localization of NORs and telomeric sequences appears to be a feature shared by evolutionarily distant animals, its possible role is discussed.

The Gymnothorax unicolor hemoglobin system is characterized by two components, called cathodic and anodic on the basis of their isoelectric point, which were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The oxygen-binding properties of the purified components were studied in the absence and presence of chloride and/or GTP or ATP in the pH range 6.5-8.0. Stripped cathodic hemoglobin showed a small reverse Bohr effect, high oxygen affinity, and low co-operativity; the addition of chloride only caused a small decrease in oxygen affinity. In the presence of GTP or ATP, the oxygen affinity was dramatically reduced, the co-operativity increased, and the reverse Bohr effect abolished. Stripped anodic hemoglobin is characterized by both low oxygen affinity and co-operativity, and displayed a normal Bohr effect; the addition of chloride increased co-operativity, whereas ATP and GTP significantly modulated oxygen affinity at acidic pH values, enhancing the Bohr effect and giving rise to the Root effect. The complete amino-acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of both hemoglobins were established; the molecular basis of the functional properties of the hemoglobins is discussed in the light of the primary structure and compared with those of other fish hemoglobins.