The P2X7 ATP receptor mediates the cytotoxic effect of extracellular ATP. P2X7-dependent cell death is heralded by dramatic plasma membrane bleb formation. Membrane blebbing is a complex phenomenon involving as yet poorly characterized intracellular pathways. We have investigated the effect of extracellular ATP on HEK293 cells transfected with the cytotoxic/pore-forming P2X7 receptor. Addition of ATP to P2X7-transfected, but not to wt P2X7-less, HEK293 cells caused massive membrane blebbing within 1-2 min. UTP, a nucleotide incapable of activating P2X7, had no early effects on cell shape and bleb formation. Bleb formation triggered by ATP was reversible and required extracellular Ca2+ and an intact cytoskeleton. Furthermore, it was completely prevented by preincubation with the P2X blocker oxidized ATP. It was recently observed that the ROCK protein is a key determinant of bleb formation. Preincubation of HEK293-P2X7 cells with the ROCK blocker Y-27632 completely prevented P2X7-dependent blebbing. Although ATP triggered cleavage of the ROCK I isoform in P2X7-transfected HEK293 cells, the wide range caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fluoromethylketone had no effect. These observations suggest that P2X7-dependent plasma membrane blebbing depends on the activation of the serine/threonine kinase ROCK I.

RESUMO:Discute-se a formação dos profissionais de saúde na perspectiva da implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN), com enfoque na promoção da saúde. Toma-se como eixo da formação o empowerment, que leva ao desenvolvimento de competências. A integração ensino-serviço e a utilização de metodologias ativas de ensino são apontadas como estratégias para a formação voltada para o mundo do trabalho e para as necessidades da população, visando o aprendizado significativo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Promoção da saúde; Aprendizagem; Educação baseada em competência; Prática profissional. HEALTH PROFESSIONALS' EDUCATION: A SIGNIFICANT LEARNING GUIDED BY HEALTH PROMOTIONABSTRACT: This article discusses health professionals' education oriented to the implementation of the National Curricular Guidelines by focusing on health promotion. Empowerment is the axis which enables the development of competences. In-service education and active teaching methods are also pointed out as strategies to develop a professional education related to the work process and to the population´s health needs, aiming a meaningful learning experience. KEYWORDS: Health promotion; Learning; Competency-baed education; Professional practice. 236 RESUMEN: Se discute la formación de los profesionales de salud en la perspectiva de la implementación de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales (DCM), con enfoque en la promoción de la salud. Se toma como eje de la formación el empowerment, que lleva al desarrollo de competencias. La integración de la enseñanza y del servicio y la utilización de metodologías activas de enseñanza son señaladas como estrategias para la formación hacia el mundo del trabajo y para las necesidades de salud de la población, con la finalidad de llegar a un aprendizaje significativo. PALABRAS CLAVE: Promoción de la salud; Aprendizaje; Educación basada en competencias; Práctica profesional. LA EDUCACIÓN DE LOS PROFESIONALES DE SALUD: EL APRENDIZAJE SIGNIFICATIVO DIRIGIDO POR LA PROMOCIÓN DE LA SALUDCogitare Enferm. 2007 Abr/Jun; 12(2):236-40

No abstract

Luminous proteins include primary light producers, such as aequorin, and secondary photoproteins that in some organisms red-shift light emission for better penetration in space. When expressed in heterologous systems, both types of proteins may act as versatile reporters capable of monitoring phenomena as diverse as calcium homoeostasis, protein sorting, gene expression, and so on. The Ca(2+)-sensitive photoprotein aequorin was targeted to defined intracellular locations (organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and nucleus, and cytoplasmic regions, such as the bulk cytosol and the subplasmalemmal rim), and was used to analyse Ca(2+) homoeostasis at the subcellular level. We will discuss this application, reviewing its advantages and disadvantages and the experimental procedure. The applications of green fluorescent protein (GFP) are even broader. Indeed, the ability to molecularly engineer and recombinantly express a strongly fluorescent probe has provided a powerful tool for investigating a wide variety of biological events in live cells (e.g. tracking of endogenous proteins, labelling of intracellular structures, analysing promoter activity etc.). More recently, the demonstration that, using appropriate mutants and/or fusion proteins, GFP fluorescence can become sensitive to physiological parameters or activities (ion concentration, protease activity, etc.) has further expanded its applications and made GFP the favourite probe of cell biologists. We will here present two applications in the field of cell signalling, i.e. the use of GFP chimaeras for studying the recruitment of protein kinase C isoforms and the activity of intracellular proteases.

The CompHP was developed in Europe in 2012, with the aim of establishing competencies and a certification system for Health Promotion. This article aims to present a theoretical reflection about the possibilities and limits of using CompHP in health professional training in Brazil. The theoretical bases that support this reflection were sought in the scientific literature and adjusted in the debates that took place in a post-graduation discipline stricto sensu, in 2012. Several papers have discussed and elaborated guidelines for establishing skills in promoting health around the world, however, discussions of professional competencies for health promotion that have been built in Brazil are still confined to particular practices. From the analysis of scientific texts, it is clear that CompHP guidelines were minted to think about training and practice in health promotion in the European context, however, the characteristics of the model of health and vocational training model practiced in Brazil can benefit greatly from the proposed competencies that this document brings.

RESUMO:O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, tendo por objetivo levantar a produção científica multiprofissional e da enfermagem sobre a prática de educação em saúde nos serviços de saúde, referentes ao enfrentamento da hipertensão. Os artigos foram selecionados quanto ao caráter do processo pedagógico, a partir do enfoque da visão de saúde-doença, das possibilidades de participação dos usuários e das dinâmicas utilizadas; identificando-se características emancipatórias ou normativas. Foram analisados 46 artigos publicados entre 1981 e 2005 que contemplavam os aspectos avaliados. Conclui-se que as experiências educativas com usuários portadores de hipertensão são incipientes e poucos artigos se reportam à perspectiva de formação da "consciência crítica" sobre saúde. ABSTRACT:The article presents the results of a bibliographical research, whose objective is to increase the multiprofessional and nursing scientific production on health education practices in health services at a primary care level, referring to facing hypertension. The educational articles were selected by their pedagogical processes, based on their emphasis on the health-illness perspective, of the possibilities of user-participation, and the dynamic applied; highlighting their emancipating or normative characteristics. Forty-six articles from the period of 1981 to 2005 were analyzed. We concluded that educational experiences with blood hypertension patients are incipient and few articles report upon the perspective of a critical health conscientiousness. RESUMEN:En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación bibliográfica, cuyo objetivo fue realizar un estudio sobre la producción científica del multiprofesional y del oficio de enfermera, en la práctica de educación en salud realizada en los servicios de la salud, con relación al combate de la hipertensión. Los artículos fueron seleccionados considerando el proceso pedagógico a partir del enfoque de la visión salud-enfermedad, así como de las posibilidades de participación de los usuarios y de las dinámicas usadas, identificando sus características normativas o de emancipación. En el estudio fueron analizados 46 artículos publicados en el período de 1981 a 2005, los cuales consideraban los aspectos evaluados. Se concluyó que las experiencias educativas con los usuarios hipertensos son incipientes, y pocos artículos expresan la perspectiva de formación de la "conciencia crítica" en salud. P A L A V R A S -C H A V E :Educação em saúde. Promoção da saúde. Hipertensão.

Luminous proteins include primary light producers, such as aequorin, and secondary photoproteins that in some organisms red-shift light emission for better penetration in space. When expressed in heterologous systems, both types of proteins may act as versatile reporters capable of monitoring phenomena as diverse as calcium homoeostasis, protein sorting, gene expression, and so on. The Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin was targeted to defined intracellular locations (organelles, such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and nucleus, and cytoplasmic regions, such as the bulk cytosol and the subplasmalemmal rim), and was used to analyse Ca2+ homoeostasis at the subcellular level. We will discuss this application, reviewing its advantages and disadvantages and the experimental procedure. The applications of green fluorescent protein (GFP) are even broader. Indeed, the ability to molecularly engineer and recombinantly express a strongly fluorescent probe has provided a powerful tool for investigating a wide variety of biological events in live cells (e.g. tracking of endogenous proteins, labelling of intracellular structures, analysing promoter activity etc.). More recently, the demonstration that, using appropriate mutants and/or fusion proteins, GFP fluorescence can become sensitive to physiological parameters or activities (ion concentration, protease activity, etc.) has further expanded its applications and made GFP the favourite probe of cell biologists. We will here present two applications in the field of cell signalling, i.e. the use of GFP chimaeras for studying the recruitment of protein kinase C isoforms and the activity of intracellular proteases.

RESUMOEstudo teórico que teve como objetivo elaborar uma matriz conceitual para analisar a vulnerabilidade da criança diante de situações adversas para seu desenvolvimento. Propõe-se que vulnerabilidade da criança seja analisada por meio dos aspectos das dimensões individual, relativa a relações sustentadoras contínuas e proteção física e segurança; social, concernente à inserção social da família e ao acesso a direitos à proteção e promoção social, e programática, cenário político-programático, de diretrizes e implementação político-programáticas. A aplicação prática desta matriz permite a captação do processo saúde-doença para além da dimensão individual, possibilitando a articulação das políticas públicas e das ações dos profissionais, a fim de obter eficácia no atendimento às necessidades das crianças. O uso desse instrumento conceitual pode propiciar às equipes de saúde a apreensão, de forma específica, das situações adversas ao desenvolvimento infantil, bem como subsidiar a construção de planos de intervenção a partir das dimensões analíticas da vulnerabilidade. DESCRITORES Análise de vulnerabilidade Desenvolvimento infantil Saúde da criança ABSTRACTThis theoretical study presents a conceptual matrix built to analyze the vulnerability of children in adverse situations to their development. It proposes that the vulnerability of children is analyzed by means of the following dimensions: individual, which is related to ongoing nurturing relationships, physical protection and security; social, which concerns the social insertion of family and access to rights of social protection and promotion; and programmatic, which involves the political-programmatic scenario and the guidelines and political-programmatic implementation. The practical application of this matrix allows apprehending the health-disease process beyond the individual dimension, enabling the articulation of public policies and actions of professionals to achieve effectiveness in meeting the needs of children. The use of this conceptual matrix can provide to health teams a specific understanding of the adverse situations to child development as well as subsidizing intervention plans based on the analytical dimensions of vulnerability. DESCRIPTORS Vulnerability analysis Child development Child health RESUMENEste estudio teórico tuvo como objetivo elaborar una matriz conceptual para analizar la vulnerabilidad del niño delante de situaciones adversas para su desarrollo. Se propone que la vulnerabilidad del niño sea analizada a través de los aspectos de las dimensiones: Individual-relaciones sostenedoras continuas, y protección física y seguridad; Social-inserción social de la familia y acceso a los derechos, a la protección y la promoción social; y Programático-escenario político-programático y directrices y realización político-programáticas. La aplicación práctica de esta matriz permite la captación del proceso salud-enfermedad más allá de la dimensión individual, posibilitando la articulación de las políticas públicas y de las acciones de los profe...