The enhancement of glucose metabolism in neoplastic cells is mediated by the overexpression of key glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters (GLUTs). In particular, an increased expression of hypoxia-related GLUT1 and GLUT3 has been found in a variety of malignancies. The aim of this study was to examine the expression levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors, as well as in non-neoplastic lesions. Analysis of the mRNA expression levels of solute carrier family 2, member 1 (SLC2A1) and solute carrier family 2, member 3 (SLC2A3) (genes coding GLUT1 and GLUT3, respectively) was performed by the real-time PCR method with fluorescent probes. GLUT1 and GLUT3 protein expression levels were determined in thyroid specimens by immunodetection after separation of proteins on 10% polyacrylamide slab gels and electrotransfer onto Immobilon-P membranes. The majority of papillary carcinoma samples showed a higher expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in comparison with follicular carcinoma cases and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions. A tendency towards an increased expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was observed in papillary carcinoma cases with more advanced disease stages. Moreover, a significant correlation was noted between the hypoxia-related GLUT1 and GLUT3 expression determined by both methods. In conclusion, our findings suggest that GLUT1 and GLUT3 play an important role in the pathology of thyroid glands.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in www.econstor.euThis paper presents preliminary fi ndings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. AbstractCountries' concerns about the value of their currency have been studied and documented extensively in the literature. Capital controls can be-and often are-used as a tool to manage exchange rate fl uctuations. This paper investigates whether countries can benefi t from using such a tool. We develop a welfare-based analysis of whether (or, in fact, how) countries should tax international borrowing. Our results suggest that restricting international capital fl ows through the use of these taxes can be benefi cial for individual countries, although it would limit cross-border pooling of risk. The reason is because, while consumption risk-pooling is important, individual countries also care about domestic output fl uctuations. Moreover, the results show that countries decide to restrict the international fl ow of capital exactly when this fl ow is crucial to ensure cross-border risk sharing. Our fi ndings point to the possibility of costly "capital control wars" and thus to signifi cant gains from international policy coordination.

Abstract. O-GlcNAcylation

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