The results of research on the influence of growing technology and its individual elements on the growth, development and photosynthetic activity of corn plants hybrid Moreland F 1 under conditions of Western region of Ukraine are presented. The purpose of the research was to determine influence of cultivation technology elements on the formation and efficiency of assimilation apparatus of sweet corn plants. Research was conducted during 2019-2021 on sod-podzolic soil using field, calculation-weighting, and mathematical-statistical methods. Dynamics peculiarities of individual leaf surface area of the plant and agrocenosis of corn as a whole by the stages of crop development have been determined. Based on the results of statistical and correlation analyses, dependences between main indices of photosynthetic activity and corn yielding capacity, as well as those that change the most under influence of agrotechnology elements, were determined. Reaction of the crop on the change in intensity level of cultivation technology has been established, which is manifested through the functional response of individual photosynthetic plant system and the crop as a whole and is expressed in strengthening of their assimilation activity. Optimal limits of biometric indices of photosynthetic activity of sweet corn plants in crops when being reached, a productive grain yield is formed, have been presented.
The results of researches of the perspective direction of solving the problem of growth of hardness of typical chernozem, which consisted in enrichment of the soil with fresh organic matter of postharvest greens, are presented. During the years of our research it was found that growing of post-harvest siderates contributed to a significant reduction in hardness of 0-30 cm soil layer. Among the studied siderates the lowest hardness of 0-30 cm soil layer was under crops of Raphanus sativum in all years of research -10.9-16.8 kg/cm 2 . In the variants of potato growing without fertilizers was found close reverse relation between hardness and productive moisture reserves -r = -0.74. These dependences confirm positive effect of siderate Raphanus sativum as a factor of biological loosening of soil. After all, it was just the variant where reduction of productive moisture reserves had the smallest share of impact -22% on the growth of soil hardness. At the same time, this share of influence increased to 27-41% on the background of other siderates and manure, and up to 54% in the control without application of organic fertilizers. The highest yield of potato tubers was obtained on the plots with the lowest soil hardness, where Raphanus sativum was used as a post-harvest siderate, followed by the variants with manure, Phacelia tanacetifolia and Fagopyrum esculentum.
A formulation composition and a low-temperature technique have been devised for concentrating fruit and vegetable puree with the following component content: 20 % apple; 20 % pumpkin; 15 % beets; 15 % cranberries; 15 % hawthorn. The puree is concentrated in a rotary evaporator to a solids content of 50 % at a temperature of 50...56 °C under vacuum. The processing time was reduced to 1...2 min, which is several times less compared to conventional single-case pump vacuum evaporators (60...90 mins). Reducing the temperature influence of concentrating contributes to an increase in the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the resulting paste. To determine the effect of the contribution of each component to the structure of the paste, the structural and mechanical properties of the puree from each raw material and concentrated semi-finished products were investigated. The devised paste has an increased strength of the structure with a dynamic viscosity value of 394 Pa⋅s, which is 2.5 times more than that in the control sample. The devised blended fruit and vegetable paste has an increased content of physiologically functional ingredients and good organoleptic parameters, unlike control (apple paste). It was established that the partial replacement of apple puree in the formulation composition of marshmallow with 75 % of the devised multicomponent fruit and vegetable paste gives the product original properties. The dynamic viscosity value of the marshmallow in which 75 % of apple puree was replaced with the devised paste has increased, compared to the control sample (marshmallow without additives), from 408 Pa⋅s to 908 Pa⋅s. The color of the marshmallow mass where 75 % of apple puree were replaced is bright pink with a wavelength of 596.7 nm and a brightness of 62.3 %. The data reported here make it possible to improve the quality of original marshmallow products when adding fruit and vegetable semi-finished products whereby an increase in functional properties is provided
The proposed engineering and technological solutions are aimed at improving the operation of a low-temperature drum grain dryer by using a combined mechanical vibration exciter, with the further justification of low-temperature regime parameters. Existing vibration technologies imply the high-temperature drying of food grains with further utilization of spent heat carrier for reheating it. In this case, the high-temperature drying of cereals and seed crops (grains, onions, etc.) does not make it possible to maintain high germination, emphasizing the need for low-temperature treatment, which, in this case, reduces the efficiency of spent heat carrier. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the drying process and technology, it has been proposed to employ vibration low-frequency technologies that ensure seed quality. The trajectory and the kinetic energy of the drum container with a combined mechanical vibration exciter have been calculated for the improved vibratory drum grain dryer. The rational vibration intensity for seed drying providing the following kinetic characteristics has been established: vibration speed, to 0.03 m/s; vibration acceleration, 30 m/s 2 ; vibration intensity, 2.6 m 2 /s 2 ; at amplitude vibration not exceeding 2 mm. It has been also established that the intense warming of a barley layer occurs at a temperature of 50 °C and a humidity of 13.5 %, the final temperature is 42.4 °C, and, at 40 °C, is, accordingly, 35.4 °C. This has confirmed that the low-temperature drying of barley seeds of the variety "Stalker" (Ukraine) takes place during the periods of constant and falling drying speed characterized by a high level of germination (95...93 %)
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