Heart rate lowering therapy with BB+ivabradine started in hospitalized HF patients (heart rate≥70bpm) is associated with reduced overall mortality and re-hospitalization over the subsequent 12months. A prospective randomized trial is needed to confirm the advantages of this strategy.

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Цель. Оценка надежности и дискриминантной валидности Российской версии Европейской шкалы оценки способности к самопомощи пациентов с сердеч-ной недостаточностью (СН). Материал и методы. Европейская шкала оценки способности к самопомощи пациентов с СН была переведена на русский язык согласно модели брислина тремя независимыми переводчиками. После обсуждения членами рабочей группы, профессиональный переводчик осуществил обратный перевод на английский язык, который был одобрен автором шкалы. Далее в исследова-ние включили 95 пациентов с хронической СН (ХСН) различной этиологии, которые ответили на вопросы при поступлении и выписке из кардиологиче-ских отделений. Коэффициент Альфа Кронбаха (a-Кронбаха) использовался для анализа внутренней согласованности характеристик шкалы. Также оцени-валась дискриминантная валидность шкалы. Результаты. Обучение пациентов с ХСН обеспечило снижение средней суммы баллов с 27,7±6,6 при поступлении до 15,8±4,5 к моменту выписки из стационара. Коэффициент внутренней согласованности Альфа Кронбаха Российской версии Европейской шкалы оценки способности к самопомощи пациентов с СН составил 0,826. Отсутствие достоверной связи общей суммы баллов шкалы Канзасского опросника больных с кардиомиопатией и Минне-сотского опросника качества жизни больных с СН подтвердило дискриминант-ную валидность Российской версии Европейской шкалы. Заключение. Российская версия Европейской шкалы оценки способности к самопомощи пациентов с СН является легким и удобным инструментом, который может оказаться полезным, как при проведении клинических иссле-дований, так и в условиях реальной клинической практики. Aim. to assess reliability and discriminant validity of the Russian version of European Scale of Self-care in patients with heart failure (HF). Material and methods. European Scale of self-help assessment in CHF was translated in Russian according to Brislin model by three not related translators. After discussion by the workgroup members, professional translator retranslated back it to English, and the result was agreed with the author of the score. then, 95 patients were included with chronic HF (CHF) of various etiology, who responded the questions at admittance and discharge from cardiological departments. Cronbach alpha was used for analysis of intrinsic consistency of the score. Also discriminant validity was evaluated. Results. Edication of CHF patients led to decrease of the whole points summ from 27,7±6,6 at admittance to 15,8±4,5 by discharge event. Coefficient of intrinsic consistency Cronbach alpha of the Russian version of European Scale was 0,826. Absence of significant relation of total points summ from Kansas questionnaire for cardiomyopathy patients and Minnessota questionnaire of life quality in HF proved discriminant validity of the Russian version. Conclusion. Russian version of European Scale of Self-help for patients with HF is easy to use and convenient instrument, which might be helpful for clinical trials as for clinical practice.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Macro-aggregates especially in agricultural steppe soils are supposed to play a vital role for soil organic carbon (OC) stabilization at a decadal time scale. While most research on soil OC stabilization in steppes focused on North American prairie soils of the Great Plains with information mainly provided by short-term incubation experiments, little is known about the agricultural steppes in south-western Siberia, though they belong to the greatest conversion areas in the world and occupy an area larger than that in the Great Plains. To quantify the proportion of macro-aggregate protected OC under different land-use and as function of land-use duration and intensity in Siberian steppe soils, we determined OC mineralization rates of intact (25–2000 µm) and crushed (< 250 µm) macro-aggregates in long-term incubations over 401 days (20 °C; 60 % water holding capacity) along two agricultural chronosequences in the Siberian Kulunda steppe. Additionally we incubated bulk soil (< 2000 µm) to determine the effect of land-use change (LUC) and subsequent agricultural use on a fast and a slow soil OC pool (labile vs. more stable OC), as derived from fitting exponential decay models to incubation data. We hypothesized that (i) macro-aggregate crushing leads to increased OC mineralization due to an increasing microbial accessibility of a previously occluded labile macro-aggregate OC fraction, and (ii) bulk soil OC mineralization rates and the size of the fast OC pool are higher in pasture than in arable soils with decreasing bulk soil OC mineralization rates and size of the fast OC pool as land-use duration and intensity increase. Against our hypothesis, OC mineralization rates of crushed macro-aggregates were similar to those of intact macro-aggregates under all land-use regimes. Macro-aggregate protected OC was almost absent and accounted for < 1 % of the total macro-aggregate OC content and to maximally 8 ± 4 % of mineralized OC. In accordance to our second hypothesis, highest bulk soil OC mineralization rates and sizes of the fast OC pool were determined under pasture, but mineralization rates and pool sizes were unaffected by the duration and intensity of land-use. However, mean residence times of the fast and slow OC pool tended to become shorter along one chronosequence. We conclude, that the tillage-induced break-down of macro-aggregates has not reduced the OC contents in the soils under study. The decline of OC after LUC is probably attributed to the faster soil OC turnover under arable land as compared to pasture at a reduced plant residue input.</p>