O milho está entre os cereais mais cultivados e utilizados pela população mundial. Com o objetivo de efetuar o levantamento da comunidade de plantas daninhas no cultivo de milho em monocultivo e em consórcio, com diferentes Fabaceae, cultivado sob diferentes manejos, este trabalho foi realizado durante o período da primavera/verão de 2011/2012. Avaliaram-se os tratamentos: milho em monocultivo com adubação NPK na semeadura e com capina, milho em monocultivo sem adubação NPK na semeadura e com capina, milho em monocultivo com adubação NPK na semeadura sem capina, milho + mucu-preta, milho + crotalária e milho + feijão-de-porco. A capina aumenta o Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI) do falso massambará (Sorghum arundinaceum) no monocultivo, enquanto para o apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella colla) a adubação promove controle eficiente. O consórcio com a mucuna preta favorece o aumento do IVI do camalote (Rottboelia exaltata), já o consórcio com a crotalária favorece o falso massambará (Sorghum arundinaceum). As plantas de milho em monocultivo apresentaram maior altura (ALM) e peso de matéria seca (PMSM). Contudo, o monocultivo proporcionou plantas daninhas mais altas (ALPD), além de maiores no peso da matéria seca de plantas daninhas de folhas estreitas (PMSPDE). A capina no monocultivo elevou a ALM e o PMSM, apesar de elevar também a ALPD e o PMSPDE. O monocultivo com adubação com NPK na semeadura apresenta ALPD menor que o sem adubação completa; entretanto, o PMSPDE aumentou com a adubação. A adubação com NPK na semeadura no monocultivo eleva o PMSM. O consórcio do milho com a mucuna preta apresenta efeito semelhante sobre as variáveis analisadas em comparação aos outros consórcios avaliados, assim como os consórcios do milho com a crotalária e do milho com o feijão-de-porco apresentam efeitos semelhantes sobre as variáveis analisadas.
A ocorrência do fenômeno xênia, considerado como o resultado do cruzamento que se manifesta na primeira geração da planta mãe, há muito é conhecida. Entretanto, pouco é conhecido a respeito da contribuição do efeito do pólen no comportamento das sementes de mamão. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a influência do pólen nas características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes de mamão. As sementes utilizadas foram provenientes de frutos dos grupos Solo e Formosa, oriundos de polinização manual, correspondente aos seguintes tratamentos: T1- Solo autofecundado; T2 - Formosa autofecundado; T3 - Solo x Formosa; T4 - Formosa x Solo; T5 - T3 autofecundado; T6 - T4 autofecundado. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações e testes: número de sementes por fruto, tamanho da semente, peso de mil sementes, testes de germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento da radícula, hipocótilo e teste de frio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Não se verificou efeito da origem do pólen nas características físicas das sementes. Para qualidade fisiológica das sementes não foi possível avaliar o efeito da xênia, uma vez que, observou-se a manifestação precoce da heterose.
Some growers and researchers sustain the idea that regrowth or root setting of some weeds may occur after hoeing, with detrimental effects over corn. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of weed removal from the field, removal after each hoeing, and corn intercropped with gliricidia on weed control and corn yield values. The experimental design consisted of blocks with split-plots and six replicates. Cultivars AG 1051 and BM 2022, planted in the plots, were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, two hoeings (at 20 and 40 days after planting), and intercropped with gliricidia. The hoed plots were either submitted to weed removal after the first, second, or both hoeings, or remained without weed removal. In the intercropped treatment, gliricidia was sown by broadcasting at corn planting between the corn rows, at a density of 15 seeds m-2. Twenty-five weed species occurred in the experiment; the most frequent was Digitaria sanguinalis (family Poaceae). The weed control methods tested had similar effects on the cultivars, which were not different from one another with respect to the evaluated traits, except for one-hundred-kernel weight, with cultivar AG 1051 being superior. Weed removal did not influence green corn yield or grain yield. However, the number of kernels/ear was higher in plots where weeds were removed in relation to plots without weed removal, suggesting that weed removal might be beneficial to corn. Besides, a higher dry matter weight was obtained for the above-ground part of weeds removed from the field after the first and second hoeings than the weight of weeds removed after the second hoeing only which, in turn, was higher than the weight of weeds removed after the first hoeing only. Green ear yield, grain yield, and dry matter of the above-ground part of the weeds did not show differences in hoed plots and were superior to the non-weeded plots and the intercropped plots, which were not different from each other; therefore, intercropping with gliricidia did not improve corn yield values.
The objective of the present study was to assess the seed health quality, quantification of seed-seedling pathogen transmission and the effect of plant extracts in reducing plant pathogens in the seeds of the tomato varieties San Marzano and Ipa 6. For the seed health, the samples were disinfested, plated and assessed after seven days, according to the Brazilian Seed Analysis Rule. For the transmission rate, 12 trays were prepared with 100 seeds each and assessed at 7, 14 and 21 d.a.s. (days after seeding) using 100 seedlings. The plant (main root, stalk and leaves) tissues were plated in PDA culture medium and assessed after seven days of incubation. Aqueous extracts were prepared from cinnamon, basil, neem and eucalyptus with 0.5% concentration and the seeds were immersed in each solution for 10 minutes. Then, they plated and assessed after seven days. The health test showed that biggest incidences of Aspergillus fumigatus (26 %) and Aspergillus flavus (26 %) were occurred in the seeds of the varieties Ipa 6 and San Marzano, respectively. The fungi A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, R. stolonifer and Curvularia sp. were detected in quantification of transmission in the seeds of the two tomato varieties. The treatment with basil extract resulted in the least fungus incidence in the transmission quantification of ‘San Marzano’ tomato seeds, while on Ipa 6 seeds the eucalyptus treatment performed better. The interference of treatments was not observed in tomato seed germination. However, there was decrease in incident of pathogens in seeds treated with the plant extracts and different effects was observed based on type and species of the pathogen.
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