Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are currently under examination for magnetic particle imaging, which represents a radiation free technology for three-dimensional imaging with high sensitivity, resolution and imaging speed. SPIONs are rapidly taken up by monocytes and other phagocytes which carry them to the site of inflammation. Therefore, the SPION biocompatibility is an essential parameter for a widespread MPI usage. Many improvements are expected from SPION development and its applications for cell visualization, but the impact of MPI optimized dextran coated SPIONs on the cellular characteristics of monocytic cells has been poorly studied up to now. THP-1 monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) as well as peripheral blood monocytes were incubated with MPI-optimized dextran-coated SPIONs of a size between 83.5 and 86 nm. SPION uptake was measured by FITC fluorescence of labeled SPIONs and Prussian blue staining. The activation of monocytes and MDMs was evaluated by CD14, CD11b and CD86 in flow cytometry. The secretion of IL-1β, and IL-10 was analyzed in supernatants. SPIONs were rapidly taken up by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages while no decrease in cell viability was observed. Expression patterns of CD11b, CD14, and CD86 were not affected in THP-1 monocytes and MDMs. Monocyte differentiation in macrophages was hindered during SPION uptake. THP-1 monocytes as well as monocyte-derived macrophages showed significantly increased IL-1β and decreased IL-10 secretion by tendency after SPION treatment. Dextran-coated SPIONs showed a low cytotoxicity on monocytes but exert undesirable inflammatory side effects that have to be considered for imaging applications.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, so called SPIONs, are used as tracers in medical imaging, e. g. for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since the half-life time of the SPIONs in the bloodstream is quite short because they are quickly absorbed by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), the particles are introduced into human red blood cells (RBCs) to increase their half-life time in the blood circulation. The hypotonic swelling procedure is used to incorporate the particles into the RBCs. Before the SPIONs are introduced into the RBCs, they are fluorescent labelled. To evaluate the result transmission electron microscopy, magnetic particle spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy are used. Fluorescein isothiocyanate and rose Bengal were chosen as fluorescent dyes because their biocompatibility is guaranteed. The results suggest that the method hypotonic swelling can be used to successfully introduce the nanoparticles into RBCs and that the magnetic properties of the particles which are necessary for imaging are not influenced.
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