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Comparison of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirhel plants grown in the presence and absence of nitrogen showed that Nj fixed hy the cyanohacterium {Nostoc punctiforme L.) can supply all of the requirements for vegetative growth. Estimates of the proportion of tissue occupied hy Nostoc indicates that an actively-fixing cyanobacterial component (the cyanobiont) of somewhat less than 1 % of the total (host -f-cyanobiont) hiomass was sufficient to meet the demands of the host. On the basis of low nitrogen contents and high C: N ratios the cyanobiont was nitrogen-limited.In situ nitrate assimilation was limited hy nitrate uptake and/or transport. Whole plants did not accumulate nitrate and had little capacity to assimilate nitrate, although nitrate reductase activity could be induced in intact leaves or leaf segments supplied directly with aqueous nitrate solutions. The possible significance of these results is discussed. Growth of G. tinctoria on ammonium was depressed at high concentrations and this species may only be able to use low ammonium concentrations. These results indicate that G. tinctoria is almost entirely dependent on Ng fixed by the cyanobacterium to meet its nitrogen demands and has little capacity to use alternative forms of nitrogen.

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Information overload has always been a challenge for businesspeople as well as professionals from other types of organizations. And today with search algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) such an ever-present part of daily life and media consumption, the challenges in learning how to filter information for oneself for effective processing, interpretation and analysis have only increased. This article presents several frameworks that were created for instructing students to assist with addressing this. They were tested and refined over four years in a core MBA course focused on decision making and project-based work. They include ways to conceptualize the broad areas of information available for business decision making as well as how to identify information by thinking about who is producing it, why they are producing it and who their key customers are. Other frameworks presented deal with ways to identify pertinent information and how to process and work with it as part of a research investigation. These frameworks are presented as tools that can be used by business school instructors, but certainly have a broader application as useful guidelines for anyone hoping to be a better collector and processor of relevant information for decision making and project work.

Background Irish Health Research Regulations (HRRs) were introduced following the commencement of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018. The HRRs set out supplementary regulatory requirements for research. A legal analysis presented under the auspices of the Irish Academy of Medical Sciences (IAMS) on April 8 and November 25, 2019 at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland welcomed the introduction of GDPR and the HRRs. The analysis found the GDPR "explicit consent" introduced by the HRRs is problematic. A call was made to regulate informed consent in line with the common law as an achievable alternative safeguard, bringing Ireland in line with other EU Member States. Aims This article aims to review academic papers, legal opinion, EU opinion and advice and data protection law in relation to research and explicit consent, in order to examine the legal burden of GDPR and the HRRs on health research in Ireland and to determine whether the analysis presented at the IAMS meetings is reflected more widely in legal text. Methods Legal literature review of academic papers, legal opinion, EU opinion and advice and data protection legislation. Results The legal literature review overwhelmingly supports the concerns raised. Conclusions Our results confirm the GDPR explicit consent requirement of the HRRs is having had a significantly negative and far-reaching impact on the conduct of health research in Ireland. Urgent review of the HRRs and meaningful engagement between the health research community and legislators in healthcare is required.