One of the major ways to reduce the footprint of drilling operations is to provide more efficient power sources for drilling operations. Rigs powered by the electrical grid can provide lower cost operations, emit fewer emissions, are quieter, and have a smaller surface footprint than conventional diesel powered drilling. This paper describes a study to evaluate the feasibility of adopting technology to reduce the size of the power generating equipment on drilling rigs and to provide "peak shaving" energy through the new energy generating and energy storage devices such as flywheels. An energy audit was conducted on a new generation light weight Huisman LOC 250 rig drilling in South Texas to gather comprehensive time stamped drilling data. A study of emissions while drilling operation was also conducted during the audit. The data was analyzed using MATLAB and compared to a theoretical energy audit. The study showed that it is possible to remove peaks of rig power requirement by a flywheel kinetic energy recovery and storage (KERS) system and that linking to the electrical grid would supply sufficient power to operate the rig normally. Both the link to the grid and the KERS system would fit within a standard ISO container. A cost benefit analysis of the containerized system to transfer grid power to a rig, coupled with the KERS indicated that such a design had the potential to save more than $10,000 per week of drilling operations with significantly lower emissions, quieter operation, and smaller size well pad. Introduction Diesel engines present in the rig pose the problems of low efficiency and large amount of emissions. In addition the rig power requirements vary significantly with time and ongoing operation. Therefore it is in the best interest of operators to consider on alternate drilling energy sources which can make entire drilling process economic and environmentally friendly. A system of electrical power grid in combination with an energy storage device such as a flywheel unit is one source which can provide substantially cheaper energy as compared to diesel. This energy storage unit can supply/reuse the power above and below the base load and will allow the rigs to draw the base load either from diesel engines or power grid and hence improve the drilling efficiency. Outline Energy audit. The LOC rig is a casing while drilling rig (Huisman 2005). The study was conducted on this rig because it has a sophisticated supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system monitoring various drilling parameters. Also this rig is containerised which further serves the purpose of developing a mobile energy storage unit (Huisman 2006). Initially a theoretical energy audit for the rig was conducted based on the specifications of the rig. Considering the data in Table A-1 the rig does not operate on its full load all the time. Table A-2 exhibits the theoretical values and rig specifications for various actuators. Hence design of this KERS system based on theoretical energy audit will simply result in an overly designed system which will be uneconomic and underutilized. Therefore, an actual energy audit of LOC-250 is done based on time stamped drilling data. As much as 23 parameters 1.3 million lines each were difficult to process and hence a comprehensive tool like MATLAB was chosen. Specifications of the flywheel unit were determined based on data processing results. Table A-3 shows the parameters obtained with the respective sampling frequency. The data processing revolved around major power consumers of the rig namely mud pumps and top drive. Being a casing while drilling rig there is little or no tripping and hence the power consumption by drawworks is not emphasized in this audit. The main idea is to provide the base load requirement of the rig determined from the data processing by either diesel engines or service utility and remove the transient peaks of power by KERS system.
The present oil industry is more challenged than ever to develop novel methods for oil exploration and production, while reducing costs at the same time. This necessity changes the need of logging tools for reservoir characterization. Saturation height modeling (SHM) is an important aspect of determining the production capability of an oilfield. This is often performed by taking core samples, which is pivotal for such analysis, but expensive and challenging. Further, cores are usually taken in the zones of interests in the well. This calls for an alternate analysis, which is not only available for the entire interval of the well but is also less expensive than the traditional coring techniques. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) applications have proved promising over the years to perform SHM, without using cores. NMR, however, has a shallow depth of investigation and using wireline measurements is even more challenging due to longer time after bit and increased mud filtrate invasion. Consequently, its use is restricted to quantifying porosity. This makes it imperative to remove the effect of any filtrate or hydrocarbons from NMR logs to be able to use them for any advance analysis. A novel methodology is presented in this paper to perform SHM analysis in carbonates. It uses NMR data along with modern processing techniques like factor analysis (Jain et al. 2013) and fluid substitution (Minh et al. 2016) and integrated workflow to define hydrocarbon uncontaminated pseudo capillary pressure curves and saturation height functions for different rock facies observed in the formation. The results are validated on five wells in the same field, and further confirmation is also done with testing results.
A generalized numerical framework to simulate gravel packing in typical wellbore completions is proposed. Given the well, downhole tool string configuration, fluid and gravel properties, and pump schedule, the simulator predicts the time evolution of the pressure, fluid and gravel fluxes and concentrations along the wellbore. The time evolution of the gravel concentration provides the packing pattern and the end of job pack state. This is achieved by solving the one dimensional (1D), mass and momentum conservation equations for the fluid and gravel in a staggered manner. A 1D, piecewise linear, finite element method is used to discretize the governing equations along the wellbore. The architecture of the framework is general enough to handle typical wellbore completions and gravel packing tool string configurations. This is achieved by modeling wellbore components as generalized forms of nodes, linear elements (with or without cross flow), and sources/sinks. This description allows different gravel packing completion configurations to be modeled generally without resorting to a separate and explicit model of each type of tool. At each time step, the whole system is assembled, and the nonlinear system is solved using robust and performant non-linear and sparse linear solvers. The software heavily leverages object-oriented design and high-performance computing practices. Finally, the simulator is used to show the efficacy of the Alternate path technology shunt tubes in achieving complete gravel pack in a long horizontal well. This is shown by simulating cases where significant leak-off would result in a premature bridge in the absence of the shunt tubes. This generalized approach should allow for a flexible extension to simulating gravel packing using other wellbore completions such as washpipe diverter valves, screens with inflow control devices.
USB based devices are very handy in nature due to their plug and play technology. With the advancement of technology their data carrying capacity is increasing day by day, which is imposing a threat of data theft. Presently most of the USB mass storage devices are not secured and therefore most of the companies restrict USB mass storage devices due to fear of confidential data loss. To avail the benefits of high speed data transmission and convenience of use, many research scholars suggested different secure protocols for establishing communication with USB mass storage devices. This study shows various features of existing secure control protocols for USB storage devices.
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