No abstract

Fitting test in movement are an important issue not only in work and sports wear since garment should not restrict the range of motion. Therefore, dynamic anthropometry is a major research topic. Until now, only static position could be captured. Still, it is not known how body geometry changes in dynamic movement. In IGF project “Mobilityrestrictions” photogrammetry scanner “Little Alice” was investigated regarding 4D. It enables serial recording in seconds. The aim of the research project was beside other to identify differences between static and dynamic body measurements. Scanner “Little Alice” has never been utilized for body form analysis. Therefore, a basic research was performed. Several parameters were examined by iterative tests before scan procedure was defined. Three work or sport related movements were defined and compared to standard position: Biceps curl, leg flex and squat. The changes in scan surface were investigated by a three-step analysis: body measurements, cross sections and a 3D analysis. Scan procedure was performed by six test subjects German sizes 50 and 58, age group 25 – 55 years. The results show that photogrammetry can be utilized to investigate body geometry changes due to movement. Body surface deviations have been investigated. Thus, not in all cases there were differences between static and dynamic scans. Yet, body geometry alters. 4D scanning enables comprehensive analysis of body geometry changes due to movement. Body measurement and surface alterations can be visualized and quantified. Scans of motions may be used to validate 3D simulation avatars.

The balancing act between freedom of movement, functionality and fashion orientated fit for different target groups poses new complex challenges on the manufacturers of work and sportswear during development and sales. Anthropometric data is used for clothing design, PPE, workspaces and human-machine interfaces. Two different sizing systems are used for this: size charts and ergonomic standards. Size charts are the base for the clothing industry, although these cannot cover the functional requirements for workwear and protective clothing. The variability of body measurements during movement is partially noted in the Ergonomic-standard, but these are nonrelated to the clothing sizes. A standard that correlates the sizes with the functional movement of the body while working was not available until now. The variability of body measurements was investigated in the research project "functional measurements" [1]. In this process the focus was laid on the 3D-analysis of body measurements of women and men in different postures through the 3D-BodyScanner. The precise results of this are: 93 3D-Scans of men and women in different postures, description of bodily variance while in motion, size charts "functional measurements" for men and women, as well as recommendations for optimized allocation of individual customer measurements for standard sizes. The project results can be used for pattern development and fit optimization for clothing with a high ergonomic comfort.

Gloves are an important part of personal protection equipment (PPE). Function in terms of adequate thermo physiological comfort and protection is only given with perfect fit. Little is known about hand dimensions in Germany and other countries. Currently available measurement tables do not contain all relevant information necessary to design gloves. Hands are usually measured with a tape measure. Glove development is very traditional and mostly based on empirical data. 3D-scanning-technology would provide an innovative approach for the optimization of gloves in consideration of fit, functionality and design. 3D scanning systems for the whole body, however, are not accurate enough to achieve required detailed information for collecting hand data. They provide not enough data points and critical gaps within the point clouds. Therefore, to collect three dimensional hand data specific scanning systems are required. The aim of a pilot study at the Hohenstein Institute was to develop a feasible acquisition setting as a basis for a hand sizing project. For data collection the Creaform Ergo Handyscan and TechMed MSoft measurement software were used. The system fulfils requirements about flexibility, data density and accuracy for the aimed purpose. A preliminary test showed that the existing positioning point world (Maid) did not lead to a natural forearm positioning. As a result, semi-automatic measurement software was not able to detect precise data. Thus, acquisition setting was modified and economized. 200 men's hands were scanned to verify acquisitioning process and data quality. 53 hand measurements were taken. A 3D virtual model representing particular glove size was generated on the basis of these results. In another part of the project the usage of the scanning system to extract information about the fit and comfort of gloves by comparing the 3D data of the hand with and without gloves was tested. The results provide a very accurate and objective determination of fit and comfort. As a further step, a comprehensive research project is needed to validate these findings, and to revise the accuracy of existing measurement tables. Then, 3D virtual and physical hand models representing each glove size can be developed.

One-size-fits-all' is definitely not a good approach to helmet design, especially for situations with the significant risk of head injury such as sports and industrial workplaces. Function of helmets is only given with perfect fit. But the complex geometry of heads was insufficiently defined by traditional measurement which captures length, width and circumference only as numerical values. Therefore, no head shape information was available so far. In contrast, 3D scanning-technology provides an innovative approach for analyzing head measurements and shapes. Scientific analyses show remarkable variations in head shapes of humans within the same head circumference. Despite the real need for head protection systems, no reliable anthropometric German head data of women, men and children was available so far. The results of the Hohenstein R&D project "Textile-based head protection systems"(IGF 16976 N) close this information gap. To collect exact three dimensional head data a specific scanning process was installed, heads of men, women and children were scanned and a database of 3D scan head data was created. Statistic evaluations as well as 3D shape analysis were conducted. Market share tables and virtual 3D shape models representing realistic head shapes of German population were generated and new innovative virtual 3D analysis methods for proving fit and ergonomic comfort were developed. 3D scanning-technology provides an innovative approach for the optimization of helmets in consideration of fit, functionality and design. In summary, the study results provide fundamental guidelines for helmet optimization in consideration of fit, functionality and design.