Azithromycin (AZM),
a macrolide antibiotic used for the treatment
of chlamydial conjunctivitis, is less effective for the treatment
of this disease due to its poor bioavailability (38%). Various alternatives
have been developed for improving the physicochemical properties (i.e.,
solubility) of the AZM without much success. To overcome the problems
associated with AZM, an inclusion complex employing a modified cyclodextrin,
i.e., sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD), was prepared
and characterized by phase solubility studies and PXRD techniques.
The results portrayed the formation of an inclusion complex of AZM
with SBE-β-CD in 1:2 molar stoichiometric ratios. This inclusion
complex was later incorporated into a polymer matrix to prepare an
in situ
gel. Various combinations of Carbopol 934P and hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) polymers were used and evaluated by rheological
and
in vitro
drug release studies. The optimized
formulation (F4) containing Carbopol 934P (0.2% w/v) and HPMC K4M
(0.2% w/v) was evaluated for clarity, pH, gelling capacity, drug content,
rheological properties,
in vitro
drug release pattern,
ocular irritation test, and antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, owing
to the improved antimicrobial efficacy and increased residence time,
the AZM:SBE-β-CD
in situ
gel was found to be
a promising formulation for the efficient treatment of bacterial ocular
disease.
Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone-metabolic disorder, causing micro-architecture degeneration and a decrease in bone density. Nutritional deficiency, i.e., calcium, vitamin D, and hormonal imbalances are the primary cause for the occurrence of OP. Although conventional diagnostic techniques and therapies are available and found to be effective only at a later stage, though still lack prevention strategies. Thus, the patients tend to suffer incidence of fractures and many difficulties to manage their day-to-day activities at an elderly stage. Numerous nanomaterial(s) possessing unique physicochemical, optical, and electrical properties are reported nowadays to be employed for both early-stage detections of disease and its treatment. Amongst these nanomaterials, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) possessing strong magnetic susceptibility, less <i>in vivo</i> toxicity, and surface functionalities are extensively employed for MRI contrast imaging agents in the area of disease diagnosis, and drug delivery tools for various therapies. Therefore, this review highlights the pathophysiology of OP, conventional techniques of diagnosis, and the application of SPIONs for diagnostic and treatment purposes of osteoporosis.
Bacterial contamination of water and food is a grave health concern rendering humans as quite vulnerable to disease(s), and proving, at times, fatal too. Exploration of the novel diagnostic tools is, accordingly, highly called for rapid detection of the pathogenic bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli. The current manuscript, accordingly, reports the use of silane-functionalized glass matrices and antibody-conjugated cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) for efficient detection of E. coli. Synthesis of QDs (size: 5.4–6.8 nm) using mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) stabilizer, yielded stable photoluminescence (∼62%), corroborating superior fluorescent characteristics. Test sample, when added on antibody-conjugated matrices, followed by antibody-conjugated CdTe-MPA QDs, formed a pathogen-antibody QDs complex. The latter, during confocal microscopy, demonstrated rapid detection of the selectively captured pathogenic bacteria (10 microorganism cells/10 μL) with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. The work, overall, encompasses establishment and design of an innovative detection platform in microbial diagnostics for rapid capturing of pathogens in water and food samples.
Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic used for the treatment of Chlamydial conjunctivitis, is less effective for the treatment of this disease due to its poor bioavailability (38%). Various alternatives have been developed for improving the physico-chemical properties (i.e., solubility) of the AZM without much success.To overcome the problems associated with AZM, an inclusion complex employing a modified cyclodextrin i.e., sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) was prepared and characterized by phase solubility studies, pXRD and FTIR techniques. The results portrayed the formation of the inclusion complex of AZM with sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) in 1:2 molar stoichiometric ratios. This inclusion complex was later incorporated into a polymer matrix to prepare an in situ gel. Various combinations of carbopol 934P and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) polymers were used and evaluated by rheological and in vitro drug release studies. The optimized formulation (F4), containing carbopol 934P 0.2% (w/v) and HPMC K4M 0.2% (w/v), was evaluated for clarity, pH, gelling capacity, drug content, rheological properties, in vitro drug release pattern, ocular irritation test and antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, owing to the improved antimicrobial efficacy and increased residence time, AZM:SBE-β-CD in situ gel was found to be a promising formulation for the efficient treatment of bacterial ocular disease.
A sensitive, rapid, reproducible, and economical HPLC method is reported for the quantification of raloxifene hydrochloride employing Quality by Design (QbD) principles. Factor screening studies, employing Taguchi design, indicated buffer volume percentage and isocratic flow rate as the critical method parameters (CMPs), which significantly influence the chosen critical analytical attributes, that is, tailing factor and theoretical plate number. Method conditions were subsequently optimized using face-centered cubic design with magnitude of variance inflation factor for assessing multicollinearity among CMPs. Method operable design region (MODR) was earmarked and liquid chromatographic separation optimized using 0.05 M citrate buffer, acetonitrile, and methanol (57:40:3 v/v/v) as ggmobile phase at 0.9 mL min À1 flow rate, λ max of 280 nm, and column temperature of 40 C. Validation of the developed analytical method was accomplished as per International Council on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines confirming high levels of linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity. Application of Monte Carlo simulations enabled the attainment of best plausible chromatographic resolution and corroboration of the demarcated MODR. Establishment and validation of the bioanalytical method using rat plasma samples, along with forced degradation and stability studies, corroborated the aptness of developed HPLC methods for drug quantification in the biological fluids, as well as in bulk and marketed dosage forms.
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