Due to continuously increasing population, industrialization, and environmental pollution, lead to generating high energy demand which suitable for our environment. Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel source. According to the feedstock of production, biodiesel has been categorized into four generations. The main disadvantage of the first and second generation is the raw material processing cost that the challenge for its industrial-level production. Oleaginous bacteria that contain more than 20% lipid of their cellular biomass can be a good alternative and sustainable feedstock. Oleaginous bacteria used as feedstock have numerous advantages, such as their high growth rate, being easy to cultivate, utilizing various substrates for growth, genetic or metabolic modifications possible. In addition, some species of bacteria are capable of carbon dioxide sequestration. Therefore, oleaginous bacteria can be a significant resource for the upcoming generation’s biodiesel production. This review discusses the biochemistry of lipid accumulation, screening techniques, and lipid accumulation factors of oleaginous bacteria, in addition to the overall general biodiesel production process. This review also highlights the biotechnological approach for oleaginous bacteria strain improvement that can be future used for biodiesel production and the advantages of using general biodiesel in place of conventional fuel, along with the discussion about global policies and the prospect that promotes biodiesel production from oleaginous bacteria.
Graphical Abstract
Calocybe indica or milky white mushroom, it’s an indigenous edible mushroom originates from India and apart from India, it is also gaining considerable importance in other tropical countries like Bangladesh, Malaysia, China and Singapore. It has an attractive fruiting body, pleasant white color, highly nutritious, long shelf life, require less time to grow, its cultivation process is easy and economical. C. indica is rich in metabolites including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and dietary fibers. C. indica is a micro-fungus, they accumulate nutrients as well as minerals from the substrate in which they grow. Because of these feature, C. indica can be a good candidate for making and use it as an enriched food source. Enrichment of C. indica is the new way for mushroom quality improvement. By using a different type of renewable and cheaper supplementation substrates, we can minimize the overall production cause and makes a better quality of C. indica for consumption, as well as nutraceutical development etc. Enriched mushroom cultivation and production can helpful for sustainable development.
Proteolytic enzymes are well known for catalyzing hydrolytic reactions. These enzymes fall under the group of large and complex, also known as proteases. Proteolytic enzymes mainly derived from microbial origin are favored because they have a short generation time, ease of genetic manipulation of microorganisms, and the availability of diverse species in nature. Macro fungi are significant and played an excellent role in degrading lignocellulosic compounds, such as mushrooms. They efficiently degrade cellulose and produce extracellular enzymes such as xylanases, cellulases, and ligninolytic enzymes. Furthermore, proteases play a significant role in fungi physiology, such as metalloproteinase, subtilases, aspartate, etc. Many worldwide researchers have reported the mycelial secretion of proteases from basidiomycetes. Thus, many protease extraction methods have been developed from the various categories of mushroom species, i.e., Pleurotusostreatus, Phanerochaetechrysosporium, Schizophyllum commune, Chondrostereumpurpureum, and Hypsizygusmarmoreus, etc. Furthermore, there is a high demand in the industry for specific proteolytic enzymatic activity. Numerous species of mushrooms have not been explored to date for the optimization and production of enzymes. Therefore, further detailed studies are required to expose the production mechanisms and application of proficient proteolytic enzymes from mushrooms. The present chapter will deliberately deal with proteolytic enzymes downstream processing and their various industrial applications.
Mushrooms have bioactive compounds such as phenol compounds, terpenes, steroids, polysaccharides and vitamins etc. performing various biological activities can benefit the health.Pleurotus sp. is popularly cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide. It contains macronutrient and micronutrient along with certain bioactive compounds hic are of medicinal importance. The compounds isolated from mushroom are of great significance in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, neutraceuticals as well as for therapeutics purpose and prevention and treatment of diseases through their immunomodulatory property.
Mushrooms are widely utilized as a nutritional and functional food, and they are also appreciated for their medicinal as well as therapeutic applications. Bioactive compounds are isolated from mushrooms possess medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant. Mushroom bioactive compounds having antibacterial potential and can be used in medical sectors for the cure of several pathogenic disease. Nanoemulsions are one such example of nano-technique that has a very promising application in various fields. The use of nanoemulsion in encapsulation for food-grade ingredients in their compounds such as vitamins, lipids, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents is a new technique. Bioactive compounds from mushrooms can be a good alternative source for antibacterial nanoemulsions development. This chapter discusses all bioactive compounds and the production and purification of these bioactive compounds. Another hand discusses the nanoemulsion formation by bioactive compounds and nanoemulsion used as antimicrobial agents.
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