The coauthors wish to acknowledge the contribution of the entire X-Culture team: Without the hard work the 141 instructors and thousands of students do every day, the X-Culture Project in general and this study in particular would not be possible. We also would like to acknowledge the support of our many corporate partners, including Gramedia, Lidaris, Innospark, and Caja de Burgos, whose involvement makes the project more meaningful and educational for our students.

This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in Management International Review.

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In this paper, a review of the experimental investigations on the fuel-NO x formation during flameless combustion is presented. The first series of experiments described in the paper were conducted using ammonia doped synthetic gases with different compositions. During these experiments, the influence of gas composition on the conversion of ammonia (NH 3 ) to NO x is investigated. The second series of experiments were conducted using product gas generated in a fluidized bed gasifier. These results show the dependencies between the gasifier operating parameters, product gas composition and final NO x emissions. Moreover, the concentrations of the ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the product gas were measured in order to calculate the conversion ratios of these compounds to NO x . The results show the significant influence of the gas composition and the gasifier process parameters on the final NO x emissions. In particular, the hydrocarbon content influences the ammonia to NO x conversion. The lowest NO x emissions and therefore the lowest conversion ratios were measured while burning gases with a low hydrocarbon content. An increase of the hydrocarbon concentration in the gas corresponded to a rapid increase in the conversion ratios.

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