There is no difference in the clinical and radiographical state of patients treated with an overdenture on two or four implants during a 10-year evaluation period. Patients of both groups were evenly satisfied with their overdentures and received the same amount of aftercare. For reasons of cost-effectiveness, a two-implant overdenture is advised for patients with a Cawood classes IV-VI resorption of the mandible and complaints concerning retention and stability of the lower denture.

There is no difference in clinical and radiographical state of patients treated with an overdenture on two or four implants during a 5-year evaluation period. Patients of both groups were as satisfied with their overdentures.

Abatacept treatment in patients with primary SS reduces circulating Tfh cell numbers and expression of the activation marker ICOS on T cells. Lower numbers of activated circulating Tfh cells contribute to attenuated Tfh cell-dependent B cell hyperactivity and may underlie the efficacy of abatacept.

The present study was performed to analyze whether marginal zone B (MZ-B) cells in nondeliberately immunized adult rats are selected on basis of the specificity of their B cell receptor, and to determine to what extent memory B cells contribute to the MZ-B cell subset. To this end, the Ig PC7183 VH gene repertoire was studied among VHDJH-μ transcripts expressed in four sequential stages of B cell development, of two individual untreated adult rats. B cell subsets, i.e., pro/pre-B cells and newly formed B (NF-B) cells from bone marrow, and recirculating follicular B cells and MZ-B cells from spleen were sorted by flow cytometry. In addition, from one these rats, cells were microdissected from follicular and MZ areas of the spleen and productive PC7183 VH gene rearrangements were analyzed for the presence of somatic mutations. Sequence analysis reveals that most MZ-B cells in the adult rat, either defined by flow cytometry or by their anatomical location in the spleen, express germline encoded VH genes (naive MZ-B cells) and a minor fraction (about 20%) of the MZ-B cells carry somatic mutations (memory MZ-B cells). In addition, we show that naive MZ-B cells are a selected population of cells, both based on PC7183 VH gene repertoire and on the length of the Ig heavy (H) chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) region, i.e., PC7183 VHDJH-μ transcripts of MZ-B cells carry significantly shorter H-CDR3 regions than other B cell subsets.

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Compared with healthy controls, patients with IBD had an increased percentage of immunoglobulin-coated faecal anaerobic bacteria, both in active disease and shortly after remission. These results support the concept that there may be a breakdown of mucosal tolerance to the commensal gut flora in IBD.

The aim of this prospective randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and prosthetic aftercare of edentulous patients with a mandibular overdenture retained by two IMZ implants or two Brånemark implants during a 10-year period. Patients were allocated to the IMZ group (n=29) or the Brånemark group (n=32) by a computerized balancing method. In the IMZ group, four implants were lost during the 10-year follow-up (survival rate: 93%). In the Brånemark group, nine implants were lost (survival rate: 86%). All patients were re-operated successfully. Multiple prosthetic revisions were necessary in both groups; especially the precision attachment system in the overdenture (23% of the total number of revisions) and the denture base and teeth (26% of the total number of revisions) were subject to frequent fracture. From this study, it can be concluded that both the IMZ implant and the Brånemark implant systems supporting an overdenture are functioning well after 10 years of follow-up. There are no indications of a worsening of clinical or radiographical state after 10 years.

Implant therapy is common in our cohort of SS patients. In spite of shortcomings of our retrospective analysis, implants in SS patients seem to perform comparable with implants in healthy patients.