The MITD1 is an largely uncharacterized MIT domain–containing protein. This protein localizes to the midbody, with its recruitment dependent on selective interactions with a number of ESCRT-III proteins. These interactions are required for proper abscission.

A 63-year-old man with a past medical history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy and non-bleeding esophageal varices presented for orthotopic liver transplantation. The patient had no acute complications in the immediate post-operative period, and was extubated on post-operative day (POD) 1. At that time, he was neurologically intact, alert and oriented and with no focal neurological deficits. On POD 3, he became lethargic and quadriplegic (Medical Research Council Scale Grade 0), and developed right-sided focal seizures with secondary generalization. His serum sodium was 128 mmol/L. He was re-intubated, and treated for his seizures with lorazepam 4 mg and levetiracetam 2 g, and then continued on levetiracetam 1 g two times a day. The following day, he was unresponsive and had no motor response to painful stimuli. His serum sodium had corrected without additional exogenous intervention to 135 mmol/L. On post symptom onset day (PSOD) 3, an MRI brain without contrast showed chronic small vessel ischemic changes but no other abnormality (Fig. 1a). The EEG did not show any seizure or epileptiform discharges. Serum chemistry and cerebrospinal fluid analysis did not show any significant abnormalities. On PSOD 13, his presentation remained the same. An MRI brain was repeated showing DWI restriction and high T2 signal in the central pons, suggestive of ODS (Fig. 1b). On PSOD 19, he was started on both IVIG and PP for a total of 5 days. Approximately 3 weeks after treatment with IVIG and Plasmapheresis, a repeat MRI showed similar prominence of T2 hyperintensity in the central pons with sparing of the periphery as compared to prior, findings consistent with central pontine myelinolysis/osmotic demyelination syndrome (Fig. 1c). Over the next 90 days the patient improved, becoming fully alert, regaining spontaneous muscle flicker in all four extremities (Medical Research Council Scale Grade 1), full eye movements and the ability to swallow.Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a disorder characterized by the destruction of neuronal myelin sheaths in either the central area of the pons as in central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), or in other susceptible areas such as the basal ganglia, hippocampi or cerebellum known as external pontine myelinolysis (EPM). CPM can present with T2 hyperintensities on MRI in a classic trident-shape pattern. ODS usually presents as a complication of rapid correction of hyponatremia. Although no specific treatment has been described, plasmapheresis (PP) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been suggested as possible options for the management of ODS [1]. A clear association has been established between rapid correction of hyponatremia and the development of ODS. Although not completely understood, the pathophysiology of ODS classically described is the reduced extracellular osmolality causing brain cells to release osmotically-active substances in an attempt to achieve osmotic equilibrium. These osmotic substances cannot be reabsorbed rapidly, an...

While familial MS was associated with more severe T1-lesion volume and its MTR characteristics, there were no clinical status differences between familial and sporadic MS patients. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetic and/or epigenetic influences causing these differences can advance the understanding and management of MS.

Background and Purpose: Prior to thrombectomy for proximal anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke, recent trials have utilized CT angiography (CTA) for vascular imaging immediately following noncontrast CT (NCCT) for decision-making, but thin-section NCCT with automated maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction also has high accuracy in demonstrating the site of an occluding thrombus. We hypothesized that performing thin-section NCCT with MIP alone prior to thrombectomy improves the time to groin puncture (GP) compared to performing CTA after NCCT. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of anterior circulation LVO thrombectomy at our tertiary care academic medical center. All stroke patients evaluated with thin-section NCCT (0.625 mm) with automated MIP reconstructions alone and those who had additional CTA were included. We excluded transfer patients, in-hospital strokes, posterior circulation strokes, and patients that were evaluated with stroke imaging other than NCCT or CTA prior to thrombectomy. The study groups were compared for duration from NCCT to GP and total stroke imaging duration. Results: From March 2008 through August 2015, 34 thrombectomy patients met the inclusion/exclusion criteria - 13 in the NCCT and 20 in the NCCT+CTA group. The total stroke imaging duration was shorter in the NCCT group than in the NCCT+CTA group (2 min [1-6] vs. 28 min [23-65]; p < 0.001). The NCCT-only group had a shorter time from NCCT to GP (68 min [32-99] vs. 104 min [79-128]; p = 0.030). Conclusion: Avoiding advanced imaging for patients with anterior circulation LVO in whom thin-section NCCT with MIPs reveals a hyperdense sign significantly shortens the imaging-to-GP time.

OBJECTIVE Thyroid disorder has been known to affect vascular function and has been associated with aortic aneurysm formation in some cases; however, the connection has not been well studied. The authors hypothesized that hypothyroidism is associated with the formation of cerebral aneurysms. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective case-control study of consecutive patients who had undergone cerebral angiography at an academic, tertiary care medical center in the period from April 2004 through April 2014. Patients with unruptured aneurysms were identified from among those who had undergone 3-vessel catheter angiography. Age-matched controls without cerebral aneurysms on angiography were also identified from the same database. Patients with previous subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial hemorrhage were excluded. History of hypothyroidism and other risk factors were recorded. RESULTS Two hundred forty-three patients with unruptured cerebral aneurysms were identified and age matched with 243 controls. Mean aneurysm size was 9.6 ± 0.8 mm. Hypothyroidism was present in 40 patients (16.5%) and 9 matched controls (3.7%; adjusted OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.8, p = 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that men with hypothyroidism had higher odds of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm diagnosis than the women with hypothyroidism, with an adjusted OR of 12.7 (95% CI 1.3-121.9) versus an OR of 2.5 (95% CI 1.0-6.4) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Hypothyroidism appears to be independently associated with unruptured cerebral aneurysms, with a higher effect seen in men. Given the known pathophysiological associations between hypothyroidism and vascular dysfunction, this finding warrants further exploration.

The CT-CED is associated with higher initial NIHSS, large vessel occlusion, and AF. Prospective studies are needed to ascertain whether CT-CED may be utilized part of a screen for endovascular therapy.

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Intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IVT rt-PA) has improved outcomes for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Patients with suspected or untreated arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have been excluded from clinical trials. We present a patient with IVH secondary to a ruptured AVM safely treated with IVT rt-PA. A 48-year-old Hispanic male with a history of dermatomyositis presented to the emergency department with sudden left-sided weakness. En route to computed tomography (CT), he became lethargic. Computed tomography revealed extensive IVH with acute hydrocephalus, which was treated with the placement of external ventricular drain with clinical improvement. Computed tomography angiogram performed did not reveal AVM. Cerebral digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) was planned due to suspicion of AVM. Prior to DSA, patient became acutely lethargic. Computed tomography imaging revealed worsening hydrocephalus. External ventricular drain was noted to be draining. Repeat CT revealed improved hydrocephalus but with left lateral ventricle dilatation. Risks and benefits of IVT rt-PA were discussed with the family and a decision was made to treat. Three doses of 1 mg IVT rt-PA were administered with resolution of midline blood and lateral ventricular dilatation with clinical improvement. Digital subtraction angiogram revealed early draining vein on right internal carotid artery injection draining into the inferior sagittal sinus representing ruptured AVM without clear nidus. Repeat DSA with possible embolization was planned after discharge. In spite of additional in-hospital complications, the patient gradually improved and was ultimately discharged home. Our case supports the idea that the use of IVT rt-PA following an IVH caused by an underlying AVM could be further explored in carefully designed clinical trials.