This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Exercise is a well-established part of rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and it has been hypothesized to stimulate an anti-inflammatory environment that might be disease modifying. Yet, investigations on exercise-induced immune responses are scarce and generally not paying attention to the medical treatments of the patient. At present, PwMS are routinely enrolled in immunosuppressive medication, but exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects have not been investigated under these circumstances. The objective of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic cytokines responses to resistance exercise training in medicated PwMS. Thirty-five people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon (IFN)-β, were randomized to a 24-week progressive resistance training (PRT) or control group. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17F, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ were measured before and after 24 weeks of PRT. The acute effect was evaluated following standardized single-bout resistance exercise in the untrained and the trained state. No changes were observed in resting cytokine levels after PRT. However, an indication of reduced IL-17F secretion following resistance exercise was observed in the trained compared with the untrained state. This study suggests little acute and chronic effect of PRT on cytokine levels in IFN-treated PwMS.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Background: The high prevalence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has become a global health-care burden. Various modalities have been established to treat NMSC, with surgery being the mainstay approach. Superficial radiation therapy (SRT) has been in use for over a century to treat various conditions. Recent discussion among the dermatological community has promoted the use of SRT for the treatment of NMSC. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases (Medline, Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, EBSCO) and textbooks, in addition to the authors' clinical experience with SRT. Results: Multiple retrospective medical record reviews have deemed SRT to be highly effective and associated with minimal side effects. Moreover, SRT yields superior cosmetic results. Over the past decade, SRT has become a mainstay of dermatologist treatment of NMSC due to the new technological advances of the devices. These advances include improved controllability, precision in delivery, additional safety precautions, and have sparked a resurgence in research and clinical evidence on SRT. Most recent data have revealed that the NMSC cure rate is about 93%-100% with excellent 5-year follow-up data. Image-guided SRT using ultrasound guidance may additionally improve cure rates in the future. Conclusion: SRT has shown to be an effective option for NMSC. It can also be effectively used in the management of keloids. The limitations across most studies encompass localized patient selection and a predominance of retrospective reviews in the literature. Additional research is warranted to further support SRT's efficacy in clinical practice.

No abstract