Dengue has affected Indonesia for the last five decades and become a major health problem in many cities in the country. Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, reports dengue cases annually, with several outbreaks documented. To gain information on the dynamic and evolutionary history of dengue virus (DENV) in Jakarta, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of DENV isolated in 2009. Three hundred thirty-three dengue-suspected patients were recruited. Our data revealed that dengue predominantly affected young adults, and the majority of cases were due to secondary infection. A total of 171 virus isolates were successfully serotyped. All four DENV serotypes were circulating in the city, and DENV-1 was the predominant serotype. The DENV genotyping of 17 isolates revealed the presence of Genotypes I and IV in DENV-1, while DENV-2 isolates were grouped into the Cosmopolitan genotype. The grouping of isolates into Genotype I and II was seen for DENV-3 and DENV-4, respectively. Evolutionary analysis revealed the relatedness of Jakarta isolates with other isolates from other cities in Indonesia and isolates from imported cases in other countries. We revealed the endemicity of DENV and the role of Jakarta as the potential source of imported dengue cases in other countries. Our study provides genetic information regarding DENV from Jakarta, which will be useful for upstream applications, such as the study of DENV epidemiology and evolution and transmission dynamics.

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Basic mathematics is one of the compulsory courses for the preservice student teachers particularly for those who are prepared to teach science and mathematics for middle and high schools. Based on the test results which were obtained from the students at one of the teachers' education programs in West Sumatra province, Indonesia, there were still many students who had misconceptions in answering the given mathematical problems. The purpose of this study was to reveal the types and causes of the student misconceptions in solving the mathematical problems. This research is a descriptive study using quantitative data. The subject of this study was a small cohort of students majoring in Biology education department with 30 participants. The instruments were a test consisting of 9 description questions. The data were analyzed quantitatively and the types of their errors were classified. The results of the study showed that the students' misconceptions were found regarding the real number system problems, the inequalities and absolute values, the functions and graphs of functions, the systems of linear and nonlinear equations, the sequences and series which are divided into three, namely conceptual errors and principle errors and operating errors.