Amphiphiles or surfactants are widely known for its reducing power of interfacial tension and extraordinary rheological properties. Among the various classes of surfactants gemini surfactants, biosurfactants and polymeric surfactants are remarkable and distinguishable among the others for their structural diversity and profitable usefulness. Primarily, the performance of any surfactant can be determined by HLB (Hydrophile Lipophile Balance) value, an empirical parameter. This review attempts to clarify some of the terminology used in literature by providing illustration of classification, features and diverse applications of different surfactants.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to serious health and economic damage to all over the world, and it still remains unstoppable. The SARS-CoV-2, by using its S-glycoprotein, binds with an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, mostly present in alveolar epithelial type II cells. Eventually pulmonary surfactant depletion occurs. The pulmonary surfactant is necessary for maintaining the natural immunity as well as the surface tension reduction within the lung alveoli during the expiration. Its insufficiency results in the reduction of blood oxygenation, poor pulmonary regeneration, lung fibrosis, and finally the respiratory system collapses. Exogenous surfactants have previously shown great promise in the treatment of infant respiratory distress syndrome, and they may also aid in the healing of damaged alveolar cells and the prevention of respiratory failure. Surfactant based therapy has been advised for the prevention of COVID-19, and the trials have begun around the world. Furthermore, greater research on the timing, dose, and the distribution of surfactant to the COVID-19 patients is required before this technique can be implemented in clinical practice.