BackgroundIdentification of prior mental events of suicide attempts has immense importance in suicide prevention. However, it has not been studied in Bangladesh as there was no available psychometrically valid instrument measuring it.ObjectivesWe aimed to test the psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire (INQ-15) and acquired capability for suicide scale-fearlessness about death (ACSS-FAD) in Bangla along with the determination of the level of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability for suicide.Materials and methodsWe collected data between 29 March and 14 April 2022 from 1,207 students of medical colleges and universities in Bangladesh by Google form. We assessed the psychometric properties of Bangla INQ and ACSS-FAD scales and examined factors associated with thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability for suicide.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 22.82 ± 1.68 (range 18–29) years, 51% were females, 84% were graduate students, and 92% were unmarried. Both of the scales revealed acceptable levels of reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure of Bangla INQ after dropping three items from thwarted belongingness domain (item 9, 11, and 12) and a single factor structure for Bangla ACSS-FAD after dropping three items (item 1, 4, and 6). Perceived burdensomeness was significantly higher in females, students with a history of mental illness, family history of suicide, and the history of suicidal attempts. Fearlessness about death was significantly higher among females, non-Muslim participants, and history of suicidal attempts.ConclusionThe current study revealed psychometric properties of two suicide scales (INQ and ACSS-FAD) in Bangla that can be used in subsequent studies. Prevention strategies targeting to females, persons with psychiatric disorder, history of previous attempt(s) should be prioritized specially among the young age group.
PurposeWe seek to understand why and how leaders’ actions that are positive from organizational perspectives, drive to engage employees in cheating behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed mediated moderation model was tested in two separate studies, study 1 and study 2, with data collected from police officers and employees of Islamic banking respectively, and then analyzed with Mplus for random coefficient models for direct effects, indirect effects, and for mediated moderation.FindingsIt was found that leaders’ ambitions may enhance performance pressure on the subordinates, which in turn promotes their cheating behavior. Overall, we found that the traditional view of ambition theory only emphasizes good mechanisms such as motivation. However, to integrate with a social identity perspective, ambition would also cause pressure and pressure rather than motivation. Additionally, leaders’ ambitions are more strongly and positively related to the performance pressure and cheating behaviors of employees when subordinates also have high leader identification. The findings of this research suggested that leaders’ positive workplace behavior could also spawn subordinates’ unethical behaviors.Practical implicationsThrough this research, we can help policymakers understand that leaders’ positive desire in general and ambition, in particular, may not be necessarily associated with subordinates’ positive behaviors. Our results revealed that internalized with performance pressure, the leaders’ ambition is associated with subordinates’ cheating behavior. The findings of this research will help policymakers understand what might be promoting unethical behavior of employees. The cheating behavior of employees is not a singular level phenomenon of subordinates, it could also be triggered by contextual factors. Therefore, in developing policies for reducing the chance of cheating at work, the policymakers should also focus on the contextual factors that might be promoting cheating.Originality/valueAmbitious leaders tend to demonstrate high performance, also, performance pressure literature focuses efforts of the employees toward high performance. The dark side of these lines of researches is still underexplored. We shifted the conventional focus of understanding to the positive side of ambition and performance pressure by explaining the potential cost in the form of employees’ enhanced cheating behavior. The interplay between the relationship between leaders’ ambition and subordinates’ perception of leader identification also enhanced our understating about the boundary condition of the relationship between leaders’ ambition, performance pressure, and cheating behavior of subordinates.
The study was designed to construct a valid and reliable social comparison scale for women with infertility (SCS-WI) in Pakistan. METHODS: A mixed-method approach with purposive sampling techniques was used to construct the scale. Study duration was 13 months and was set in private and government hospitals and clinics of major cities of four provinces of Pakistan. Factor structure of 37 item with primary infertility was explored through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 215 women with primary infertility with age range from 20-45(M = 31.03; SD= 6.18) years. age The obtained factor structure of Social Comparison Scale for Women with Infertility (32 items) was further confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a sample of 210 women with primary infertility whose ages ranged between 20 years and 45 years (M =32.42, SD=5.49). age RESULTS: Principal component analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation method yielded three factors (viz., social distress, emotional burden and personal incapacities) and accounted for 63.37% variance and all 32 items of the scale were retained. The CFA supported the measurement structure of SCS-WI retained after EFA. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.95 (alphas range from 0.85-0.90 for subscales) with sound convergent and divergent validity (r = 0.37, p = 0.05) (r =-0.70, p<0.001) respectively. Test re-test reliability was (r = 0.93, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Social comparison scale for women with infertility is a valid scale with good items homogeneity, internal consistency and a revelatory pattern of validity.
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