Bioenergy demand is accelerating day by day due to increase in population pressure whereas on other end worldwide water scarcity for irrigation is also becoming a challenge. This problem may be resolved through the fertigation with grey water for biomass production through short rotation intensive cultural plantation systems (SRICPS). The grey water generated from households constitutes the major portion of domestic wastewater with higher nutritive value. Reuse and recycling of grey water save natural water resources require for irrigation and moreover greywater use would be an added advantage to increase in the biomass due to its nutritive quality. Therefore, in present study, an experimental trial has been done for comparison of SRICPS biomass production within treatment (fertigated with greywater) and control (irrigated with bore well water) plots for biomass growth rate, biomass deficit and estimation of actual and potential biomass productivity with fertigation and control irrigation in same environmental condition by planting Eucalyptus hybrid (clone K‐413). Eucalyptus hybrid (clone K‐413) above ground biomass (AGBM) production per tree was observed to be 34.19 kg tree−1 in treatment plots as compared to 25.69 kg tree−1 in control plots during initial 2‐year of field observation and it envisages higher economic returns by fertigation due to higher biomass production per unit area as compared to control irrigation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 222–226, 2015
Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) play a key role in all geospatial aspects of the assessment and management of water resources for inland fisheries and aquaculture. Lake, wetland, and reservoirs are some of the important inland water resources for potential fish production and help improve the rural economy on large scale. Fisheries development perspective reservoirs of the Tarai region are Naitaal, Tumaria, Haripura, Baur, Baigul, Dhaura, Nanaksagar, and Sardasagar, which are located at 28°25 0 -29°55 0 N latitude and 78°18 0 -79°55 0 E longitude. Waterresource assessment such as spread area, water quality, nutrient analysis, chlorophyll content, and other physico-chemica properties may be done through the mapping. Hence, remote sensing and GIS software and images like Landsat-ETM?, Landsat-8 and other multi spectral images utilization at short time frame for potential fishing zone identification, rate of sedimentation, geomorphological changes such as land cover, erosion and accretion in reservoirs as well. Thus it will help in decision making and blueprint preparation for sustainable water resource management at a cost-effective rate. The current review emphasizes the potential of high-resolution satellite images for mapping and analysis of water resources at Tarai region of Uttarakhand.
Forward osmosis (FO) is attracting worldwide attention as an emerging technology in the fields of power generation, water reuse, desalination, pharmaceuticals and food processing. Still, the critical challenge of finding a suitable draw solute for FO persists. Therefore the current research focuses on synthesizing hydrophilic magnetic nanoparticles (HMNPs) and systematically investigating their potential as draw solutes. HMNPs were synthesized using functional groups polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). These functional groups under different ratios with a metal precursor react by one-pot polyol and thermal decomposition methods respectively to give different diameter HMNPs. In addition the effect of different sizes of synthesized HMNPs was investigated for their recovery under an external magnetic field and reusability in FO performance. The physical properties and chemical compositions of the resultant MNPs are fully characterized. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses show the characteristics as spherical morphology with a narrow size distribution, and a mean size from 9 to 32.5 nm for PEG and 8 to 30 nm for PAA coated HMNPs depending on the ratio of the functional group and metal precursor. The PEG and PAA layer on the MNPs is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates a hydrophilic surface composition. The PEG and PAA coated HMNPs generate high osmotic pressures and exhibit good dispersibility in aqueous solutions. Water fluxes of >13 L m−2 h−1 are achieved across Hydration Technologies Inc. flat sheet membranes at a concentration of 0.05 M of HMNPs using deionized water as the feed solution. The HMNPs can be easily recaptured from draw solutions by applying an external magnetic field and recycling them back as draw solute in the FO process. The MNPs remain active after nine runs of recycling but with a total water flux decrease of 5% in PEG and 3% with each successive recycling due to slight aggregation, and reduced surface to volume ratio is observed. Results of the present study have demonstrated that PEG and PAA coated HMNPs can viewed as promising and potential draw solutes in the FO process.
The present paper deals with the organic loadings of grey water with its average and maximum flow rate on an hourly and daily basis generated from the residential colony of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. For reliable quantification, the study was conducted at the interval of 1 h for eight consecutive days in each season during the year 2012 to 2013. Following parameters viz biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium analyses were used to calculate grey water pollutant load. The observed annual average organic pollutant loading in terms of BOD was found to be 29.44 kg/day with maximum load in the summer season. However, this organic loading at maximum flow rate basis (in peak hours) was varied seasonally from 55.3, 52.0, and 83.3 kg/day, respectively, during the monsoon, winter, and summer seasons. The grey water discharge flow rate reveals the need of a treatment system compatible with fluctuating pollutant loads. The bioefficacy of phytoremediation-based technology was assessed and found to be maximum in the summer season. Hence, it is found to be the best suited green alternative for combating the fluctuating pollutant load.
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