The number of international migrants is continuously and rapidly growing worldwide. It increased to 244 million in 2015, up from 222 million in 2010 and 173 million in 2000. In Bangladesh, there is lack of sufficient resources and facilities to provide all its people with satisfactory working, earning, studying, health care, business and other opportunities, so, people migrate either simply from rural to urban, rural to rural and urban to urban destinations within the country or from the country to abroad either for short periods or for long duration. Lack of effective out migration policies, weak governance, and a hostile investment climate are all significant challenges to the sector's growth and attainment of the SDGs. The aim of this paper is to explore some 'household level determinants' for migration in Bangladesh when migration is internal and also external. Among the found determinants, researchers would like to know which determinants are more important and thus find the important reasons behind migration of the Bangladeshi people, thus enabling the proposing of policy recommendations. In the study the cross-section data of Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 was used. In the survey data, 612 Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) were selected systematically from 16 Strata and a total of 12,240 households was present. Probit model was used to analyze the determinants of the household migration decision. The study found that age of household head, farm area, value of other assets, number of young dependents on family head, economically favored districts are significant determinants of migration. Regression results shows that increase in 'farm area' and 'value of other assets' increases the probability of both internal and external migration. Households having loans are more likely to take a decision for internal migration. The study found that external migration is more popular among Bangladeshi households than internal district to district migration. In case of both internal and external migration, probability of migration is greater from rural area than from urban area. Oil rich Middle East countries and OECD countries are the main destinations for external migrants and earnings not very attractive as most migrants work there as unskilled, semi-skilled or low-skilled workers. Government agencies should take steps to provide poor or insolvent households with appropriate information and guidance. Loan facilities for these people could be arranged so that for going to a job outside the country they need not sell their last assets.
The world is passing a grievous phase because of a fast-spreading disease named COVID-19. Almost all countries have experienced the impact of coronavirus on their economy. Unexpectedly, due to that situation some industries like retail chain shops, online grocery shops, Mobile financial service, IT firms are experiencing growth in Bangladesh. Mobile financial service is relatively new concept but a fast-growing industry in our country. But there are some issues that MFS users face, especially rural people. History of economics shows that countries that succeeded in accumulating high levels of domestic investment largely financed by domestic savings, achieved faster rates of economic growth and development. So, understanding peoples saving behaviour is crucial. Therefore, this paper focused on finding the impact of COVID-19 on saving practice of mobile financial service users of rural area as economic growth and development depend on a country's level of domestic savings. To fully understand the situation the researchers aimed to find the answers to some key questions: (1) Did mobile financial service reach to rural people in this pandemic? (2) Did saving rate increased during pandemic? (3) What is the impact of mobile financial service on saving behavior of people? (4) What are the key determinants of saving practices of mobile banking users? Both descriptive and advanced statistical analysis has been used for analyzing the data and a cross sectional survey on user of mobile financial services has been performed. The study area was three subdistricts (Phulbaria, Nandail, Gouripur) of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. A two-stage sampling technique was used for data collection. First three villages were chosen from the three selected sub-districts. Then, convenient villages were surveyed for collecting information through primary survey. Simple random sampling method has been used in selecting sample and collecting data from the respondent. A total of 210 users was interviewed from the selected areas. Statistical package SPSS was used for data analysis. Researchers found that mobile financial service industry has significantly grown during pandemic but the saving practices of rural people have decreased. Age, occupation, regularity of income, average monthly family income, saving habit, monthly income during pandemic are the significant factors of the saving practices of mobile banking users. The government should encourage rural residents to save more in formal than informal channel and should emphasis on Mobile Financial Service industry as it can be the answer to the economic problem.
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