Background: We investigated associations between maternal characteristics, access to care, and obstetrical complications including near miss status on admission or during hospitalization on perinatal outcomes among Indonesian singletons. Methods: We prospectively collected data on inborn singletons at two hospitals in East Java. Data included socio-demographics, reproductive, obstetric and neonatal variables. Reduced multivariable models were constructed. Outcomes of interest included low and very low birthweight (LBW/VLBW), asphyxia and death. Conclusions: Mothers in labor should be encouraged to seek care early and taught to identify early danger signs. Adequate PNC significantly reduced perinatal deaths. Improved hospital management of malpresentation may significantly reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. The importance of hospital-based prospective studies helps evaluate specific areas of need in training of obstetrical care providers.
Background Indonesia is the world’s fifth largest cigarette market in the world but for decades, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have had limited success infiltrating this market, due to their inability to compete in the kretek market. Kreteks are clove/tobacco cigarettes that most Indonesians smoke. Objective To determine how Phillip Morris International (PMI) and British American Tobacco (BAT) have now successfully achieved a substantial market presence in Indonesia. Methods We analyzed previously secret, tobacco industry documents, corporate reports on Indonesia operations, the Tobacco Trade press, Indonesia media, and “The Roadmap.” Results Internal, corporate documents from BAT and PMI demonstrate that they had known for decades that kreteks are highly carcinogenic. Despite that knowledge, BAT and PMI now own and heavily market these products, as well as new more westernized versions of kreteks. BAT and PMI maintained the basic strategy of keeping cigarettes affordable by maintaining the social responsibility of smoking and opposing smoke-free workplace laws but in the 21st century, they added the acquisition of and Westernization of domestic kretek manufacturers as an additional strategy. These acquisitions allowed them to assert influences on health policy in Indonesia and to grow their business under current government policy embodied in the 2007-2020 Roadmap of Tobacco Products Industry and Excise Policy which calls for increased cigarette production by 12% over the next 15 years. Conclusion PMI and Bat have successfully entered and are expanding their share in the Indonesia cigarette market. Despite the obvious and pervasive influence of the tobacco industry on policy decisions, the Indonesian government should ratify the FCTC and implement effective legislation to reduce tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke and revise the Roadmap to protect future generations of Indonesians.
Diarrheal diseases continue to be an important cause of childhood mortality in Indonesia. Dianhea leads to excess zinc losses and could contribute to zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency in particular is known to limit regeneration of gut epithelium and consequently to delny recovery from diarrhea. To evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation in children on the duration of diarrhea we conducted a randomized, double blind, controlled tial.The treatment group received syrup incorporatinç zinc acetate providing 4-5 mg elemental zinclkg body weight/day in nvo divided doses for the consecutive days during diarrhea. The control group received syrup without elemental zinc. One thousand one hundred and eighty five children under three years of age were visited at home every weekfor 12 months. During observations therewere 2410 dianheal episodes, I3l (5.4Vo) were excluded due to lack of information. Among children of zinc supplementation group there was an I IVo reduction (957o confidence intervals 3 to lSEo) in the risk of continued diarrhea. In children with watery diarrhea there was a decrease of 12% (95Vo confidence intervals 3 to 21Eo) in the number of days in the zinc supplementation group. Children who had2 3 episodes during 12 months observations had a greater reduction in diarrheal duration (hazard ratio in the zinc supplementation group = 0.79; 957o conf,dence intervals 0.64 to 0.97). Zinc supplementation in children with acute d.iarrhea significantly reduced the duration of dianhea. Reduction in the number of days may decrease the risk of dehydration and mortality due to diarrhea.
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is a major problem in Indonesia, placing Indonesia among the three major countries with the highest TB cases in the world. In addition, reporting of TB data from health service facilities, especially hospitals, is still weak. Since the implementation of Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) in hospitals in 1995, the number of new TB case reports from hospitals is still low. In order to increase hospital participation in TB control, the government has made a breakthrough strategy, which is the integration of the DOTS strategy in hospital accreditation.Design and methods: This study conducted a literature review and document analysis related TB control standards in hospital accreditation and the implication for the involvement of hospitals in national TB program. This study analyzed regulations, policies, and procedures, including hospital accreditation instruments and annual reports of TB.Results: Accreditation standards related to TB control include: i) Hospital must implement a tuberculosis control program in the hospital, including monitoring and evaluation through activities such as health promotion, tuberculosis surveillance, controlling risk factors, detection and treatment of tuberculosis cases, providing immunity and preventive drugs; ii) Hospital prepares resources for service delivery and tuberculosis control; iii) hospital provides facilities and infrastructures for tuberculosis services in accordance with regulations; and iv) hospital conducts tuberculosis services and efforts to control tuberculosis risk factors in accordance with regulations.Conclusions: Standards and elements of the assessment of TB control components in accreditation are adjusted to the national TB control guidelines.
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