Este artículo presenta una revisión de las tecnologías usadas en Colombia y otros países para el tratamiento de aguas de la industria petrolera. El estudio parte desde la caracterización de la producción de crudo y la relación agua–crudo; luego se describen los efectos contaminantes del agua residual; asimismo, se cuantifican los destinos que se le dan a estas aguas en nuestro país. También se detallan algunos tratamientos superficiales convencionales y no convencionales. Es claro que, aunque se han hecho progresos significativos, hay que seguir investigando técnicas mucho más eficientes y económicas para eliminar ciertos contaminantes más recalcitrantes.
Los combustibles fósiles son la mayor fuente energética en el mundo y Colombia no es la excepción a la regla, es por esta razón que el presente artículo plantea estudiar alternativas del uso de cascarilla de arroz como fuenteenergética en Colombia. Para la investigación se realiza una revisión de información científica obtenida debases de datos como Scopus, Science Direct, Redalyc, entre otros, además de indagaciones extraídas de reportes gubernamentales, casos de estudio en otros países y estudios experimentales, esto con el fin de realizar una revisión con información verídica que pueda dar lugar a un análisis general del uso de energías alternativas y su aporte en la matriz energética, para finalmente dar como resultado un estudio detallado del potencial del uso de cascarilla de arroz en Colombia.
Production water represents a major sustainability challenge for oil and gas industries, which is why various strategies have emerged globally to encourage its reuse in proactive projects. One of the most recognized strategies has been developed in the Omani desert where artificial wetlands were designed to physically and biologically treat production water. The present study proposes to adapt this strategy to a Colombian context to further study the sustainability of production water reuse. The methodology of this study consists of three phases: evaluate in-field production water through the characterization of irrigation water, identify and prioritize the variables of said strategy, and propose an adequate soil irrigation strategy for a Colombian field. An expert matrix and multicriteria analysis are used to identify the level of interaction among the variables presented, according to the criteria of experts in the field of sustainable production water management. Water quality was ranked by the experts as the most important single variable. On a scale of 1–5, the variables with the highest level of interaction (2.8) are water quality and the type of treatment seedlings, and the variables with the lowest level of interaction (1.3) are additional water treatment systems and final water use. These results have led to the formation of a hierarchy of variables according to impact, which has been used to create a triple bottom line diagram and demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the Omani strategy in Colombia.
El objetivo principal de este artículo es identificar los avances más importantes en referencia a la potabilización de aguas residuales. Para ello, se realiza la explicación detallada sobre la importancia del agua y su estado actual teniendo en cuenta los contaminantes nocivos para el ecosistema acuático. El estudio toma como referentes artículos científicos, revistas, tesis y libros de información desde el año 1936 hasta el 2019 de diferentes bases de datos como Google Académico, Virtual Pro, Ambientalex.info y Science Direct. A partir de la investigación, se describen las ventajas y desventajas que brindan cada uno los tratamientos de agua existentes. Específicamente, se da cuenta de los tratamientos avanzados, en los cuales se determinan las técnicas innovadoras, los beneficios, las aplicaciones y el funcionamiento a escala industrial. Los resultados de este estudio señalan que al implementar tratamientos avanzados de aguas residuales se genera un desarrollo tecnológico con enfoque en la gestión hídrica, que da lugar a un mayor grado de remoción de contaminantes en el agua. Además, se evidencia que las técnicas de intercambio y tecnologías de membrana son funcionales para realizar procesos de remoción efectivos y eficientes. A pesar de que el método de oxidación avanzada realiza la degradación de contaminantes, se concluye que no es funcional por su alto costo operativo.
In the oil sector, various strategies are applied to mitigate harmful effects on the environment. These strategies include, among others, compensation plans, the measurement and control of the carbon footprint and/or water footprint, the recovery of waste from activities and processes, and Environmental Management Systems (EMS). An EMS provides a formal framework that enables more efficient work on environmental issues, thereby improving performance. It aims to raise awareness of the environmental impacts associated with the oil industry in different areas through the use of weighting matrices. Additionally, it seeks to conduct sustainable studies and optimize the direct activities involved in the exploitation of hydrocarbons as a natural resource. Factors considered in decision making include ensuring that the strategy does not compromise the well-being of future generations, has economic viability, and does not hinder any oil sector activities such as exploration, drilling, production, or processing of derivatives. The purpose of this is that it allows for the creation of decision matrices based on weighting methodologies that outline possible correlations between specific activities of the oil sector such as water use, effects on soils and landscapes, greenhouse gas emissions, solid waste, liquid effluents, hazardous waste, and toxic waste, among others. The decision matrices can also help elucidate the relationship of these activities with mitigation strategies to provide a decision-making tool for environmental management plans so that activities are implemented in a way that can mitigate impacts on water, soil, and air resources. The results of this study were classified using a traffic light matrix, based on the level of technical congruence, using an optimal (green), regular (yellow), medium (orange), and at-risk (red) scale. The environmental impact of “alteration of the geoform of the land” was positioned in the at-risk category due to its assessment by experts in relation to the activity of “land adaptation”. In the medium category, a total of 23 impacts were identified, while 10 impacts fell into the regular category. These results were evaluated in the context of the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of the oil industry.
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