Gyrinops versteegii leaves are high in flavonoids, which have a variety of biological and pharmacological properties. The focus of this research was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of flavonoids in Gyrinops versteegii leaf water extracts. In this study, extraction was by maceration and partitioning, separation and purification was by chromatography, identification of compounds was carried out using UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometers, and antioxidant activity was measured with the DPPH method and antibacterial activity with the diffusion disc method. Flavonoids were thereby isolated. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest total flavonoid content, with 186.976 mg QE/100 g. With inhibition zone diameters of 19 and 13 mm, ethyl acetate extract was the strongest extract in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and E. coli in the antibacterial activity test. Flavonoids were identified as flavonols after isolation, phytochemical screening, and UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopic identification. The isolated flavonols had potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 60.27 ppm) as well as potent antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameters of 33.82 mm for S. aureus and 23.22 mm for E. coli). The findings therefore showed that tea made from Gyrinops versteegi leaves contains the flavonoid flavonol, which has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Keywords: Gyrinops versteegii, Flavonol, DPPH, antibacterial and antioxidant
Currently, prevention of local and systemic infections caused by implantable devices is increasingly improved. Tracheostomy is a surgical action followed by an implantable device called tracheotomy cannula into a trachea to maintain upper airway patenting. The incidence of biofilm-related complications and infections is associated with the length of duration of the attached tracheostomy. The formation and spread of biofilms from distal cannula increase the infection incidence in stoma, tracheitis, and even peripheral pneumonia. However, until now there has been no consensus on when the tracheostomy replacement supposedly conducted. Some manufacturers recommend that cannula replacement supposedly conducted within 30 d, but the data are not yet in agreement and need further study. This study aimed to determine the difference in biofilms formations in a duration of less than 90 d and more than 90 d of tracheotomy cannula usage. It was a cross-sectional study involving patients who underwent a tracheostomy at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta. Fisher exact test was applied to analyze the biofilms formations of the two different duration of tracheostomy cannula usage. A total of 20 patients were involved in this study. Durations of more than 90 d had more biofilms formations compared to less than 90 d, although it was not significantly different (p>0.05). However, the PR value of 6 indicated that subjects who have attached cannula more than 90 d clinically have 6 times higher risk for developing biofilms formations than those less than 90. In conclusion, there is no significant differences in biofilms formations between the less than 90 d and more than 90 d of tracheostomy cannula usage. However, clinically subjects with longer duration of tracheostomy cannula usage have higher risk for developing biofilms formations.
In the reform era, legal protection and respect for human rights are sometimes still faced with the fact of negligence in law enforcement, especially The Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Procedure Code are two separate pieces of legislation (Law No. 8 of 1981) process. So that it is not uncommon for wrongful behavior to occur by law enforcers, and not infrequently members of the public who are considered to have committed a criminal act are then declared innocent in the judicial process. Problems; How is the state's responsibility towards the defendant who was decided by the court to be proven innocent in a criminal case? The research method on this problem is carried out through normative and empirical legal research. The results of his research that; the responsibility of the state to provide legal protection to suspects who are proven innocent, this is an order from the state constitution, as well as to provide legal protection for human dignity and other rights connected to Indonesian law enforcement, which must be enforced by law enforcers. Legal protection of human dignity by implementing the principle of presumption of innocence is also an obligation that must be accounted for by law enforcement at all stages of the criminal law enforcement process, from the investigation, prosecution to judicial process. The form of compensation for defendants who are proven innocent, namely the Government Regulation Number 92 of 2015, Concerning the Second Amendment to Government Regulation Number 27 of 1983, Concerning the Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code, and Related Matters, Rehabilitation. In its implementation, the provision of rehabilitation and compensation has not yet been felt to obtain the legal certainty that should be obtained by the defendant who is legally proven innocent.
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