Residential water consumption has been analysed by monitoring a water distribution system in a small town of about 1200 inhabitants, Piedimonte San Germano, in southern Italy. The design of a water distribution system is usually undertaken with reference to the maximum water required by customers-one of the most onerous operating conditions to which an hydraulic network is exposed. The aim of the present work has been to contribute to the characterisation of the peak water demand through statistical inferences on a large data sample collected from the system under consideration. Specifically, the data have been analysed for the effect of resampling the raw data with respect to time interval on the estimate of peak demand factor. Formulae are suggested to estimate the maximum flow demand for small towns, in relation to the number of users. In addition, statistical inferences have shown that the stochastic, maximum flow demand is described by the log-normal and Gumbel models. With reference to small residential areas, the parameters of such statistical distributions have been estimated. These have shown that the coefficient of variation (CV) of the peak water demand is a function of the number of users. Although these results are only directly applicable to the specific context from which they have been obtained, the comparison with the sparse data available in the technical literature leads to the belief that the proposed relationships could be extended to other small residential areas.

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Fast geomorphic transients may involve complex scenarios of sediment transport, occurring near the bottom as bed load (i.e., saltating, sliding, and rolling) or as suspended load in the upper portion of the flow. The two sediment transport modalities may even coexist or alternate each other during the same event, especially when the shear stress varies considerably. Modeling these processes is therefore a challenging task, for which the usual representation of the flow as a mixture may result in being unsatisfactory. In the present paper, a new two-phase depth-averaged model is presented that accounts for variable sediment concentration in both bed and suspended loads. Distinct phase velocities are considered for bed load, whereas the slip velocity between the two phases is neglected in the suspended load. It is shown that the resulting two-phase model is hyperbolic, and the analytical expression of the eigenvalues is provided. The entrainment/deposition of sediment between the bottom and the bed load layer is based on a modified van Rijn transport parameter, whereas for the suspended sediment a first-order exchange law is considered. A numerical finite-volume method is used for the simulation of three dam break experiments found in the literature, which are effectively reproduced in terms of both free surface elevation and bottom deformation, confirming the key role played by the solid concentration variability even for two-phase models

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