The aim of this study was to size up and evaluate a fixed bed experimental silo-dryer-aerator with four static grain drying cells for segregation lots, through simulations with mathematical equations and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) system. The average specific energy consumption of the dryer was 2,998.56 kJ kg-1 of evaporated water. At the global scale, the amount of heat needed to complete a grain drying was 22,283.84 kcal (5,325.96 kJ kg-1) and the amount of heat required to complete the cooling of a stored grain mass was 3,525 kcal (842.49 kJ kg-1). The drying equipment responded positively to the dynamic aspects of air, distribution, flow, pressure, speed and heating. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the silo-dryer-aerator prototype was characterized as a viable and sustainable tool, making it possible to perform the drying and storage of grains in standardized and segregated lots, according to genetic characterization, minimizing quantitative and qualitative losses.
A B S T R A C TThis study aimed to verify the capacity of silo-dryer-aerator prototype equipment operating as a silo-storage-aerator for soybean quality analysis. Soybeans with water content of 17% (wet basis -w.b.) were dried and stored in a silo-dryer-aerator system that was designed using a drying chamber, four independent storage cells, and a static capacity of 164 kg. Another batch of grains was stored in a silo-storage-aerator with a capacity of 1,200 kg. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized factorial 5 × 4 experimental design including five grain batches stored after being dried at 30, 40, and 50 °C (mixed grains were dried at three temperatures) in the silo-dryer-aerator cells and one mixed grain batch stored in the silo-storage-aerator system under ambient air conditions for four storage times (zero, one, two, and three months). There was no difference between the grains stored in the silo-dryer-aerator and silo-storage-aerator at the end of the three-month storage in terms of the physico-chemical quality. The storage time associated with drying at 50 °C caused a reduction in the physical-chemical quality of the grains. The silo-dryer-aerator system was presented as a possible alternative to store soybean (Glycine max L.) grains.Silo-secador-aerador experimental para armazenagem de grãos de soja R E S U M O Objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a capacidade de um equipamento protótipo silosecador-aerador, operando como silo-armazenador-aerador para análise da qualidade dos grãos de soja. Os grãos de soja com teores de água de 17% (b.u.) foram submetidos à secagem e armazenagem em um sistema de silo-secador-aerador, projetado com uma câmara de secagem e quatro células independentes de armazenagem, com capacidade estática de 164 kg. Outro lote de grãos foi armazenado em um silo-armazenador-aerador com capacidade de 1.200 kg. O experimento foi montado em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 5 x 4, sendo cinco lotes de grãos armazenados após a secagem com temperaturas do ar de secagem (30, 40, 50 °C, grãos misturados na secagem com as três temperaturas), nas células 1, 2, 3 e 4, respectivamente, do sistema silo-secador-aerador e um lote de grãos misturados e armazenados no sistema silo-armazenador-aerador nas condições do ar ambiente, quatro tempos de armazenamento (zero, um, dois e três meses). Observou-se que não houve diferença entre os grãos armazenados no silo-secador-aerador e no silo-armazenador-aerador quanto à qualidade físico-química ao final dos três meses de armazenamento. O tempo de armazenamento associado à secagem a uma temperatura de 50 °C proporcionou uma redução na qualidade físico-química dos grãos. O sistema silo-secadoraerador apresentou-se como uma alternativa viável para o armazenamento de grãos de soja.
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to validate an experimental prototype dryer with a thick-layer fixed bed and determine the quality of the dried soybean grains. The drying system was designed as a chamber with four independent drying cells, with a capacity of 164 kilograms, an air ventilation system and heating with electric heaters. This prototype was used for soybeans with an initial water content of 17% (w.b.). The samples were collected from the top, middle and bottom of the four cells to evaluate the quality of the grains. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (3 x 4 x 3), with three temperatures settings for the drying air (30, 40, and 50°C), four drying cells and three evaluation positions (upper, middle and lower). The grains did not undergo quality changes as a function of the drying cells. In the upper part of the drying cells, there was a reduction in the specific grain mass (851 kg m -³), an increase in electrical conductivity (140.02 μS cm, reduction in germination (63%) and oil content (7%) compared with the middle and lower dryer positions. The experimental prototype of the fixed bed dryer allowed a uniform distribution of the heated air in the drying cells, which was effective in the drying operation and in maintaining the quality of the soybean grains.Keywords: control and optimization of the drying; loss reduction of grain quality in the drying; yield of the drying processes.
The aim of this study was to model and validate a new concept of a silo-dryer-aerator for the drying of soybean seeds and determine the quality of the seeds in function of the air temperatures in the drying. Soybeans with water contents of 17% (w.b.) were dried and stored in a silo-dryer-aerator system that was designed with a drying chamber and four independent storage cells in the air drying temperatures at 30, 40 and 50 °C in silo-dryer-aerator. The drying in the air temperature at 30 °C in the cell C1 the diffusion approximation model was the one that best fit the data, in the cell C2 the Newton model prevailed and in the cells C3 and C4 the Midilli model. In the drying with air temperature of 40 °C in the cell C1 the Page model was the one that better adjusted the data, whereas in the cell C2 the model of diffusion approximation determined the best fit, while in the cells C3 and C4 the Page model obtained better fit. In the drying with air temperature of 50 °C in the cells C1, C2, C3 and C4 the logarithm model was the one that best represented the fit of the data. The increase in the drying air temperature to 50 °C decreased the quality of soybeans seeds. In the upper and middle part of the cells there was an increase in electrical conductivity (140.02 μS/cm/g) and germination (53%) compared with the lower dryer position.
A B S T R A C TThe aim was to evaluate the physical quality of conventional and transgenic corn grains, through drying and wetting processes for marketing. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (7 x 3 x 2), corresponding to seven drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min), three temperatures of the drying air (80, 100 and 120 °C) and two hybrids of corn (conventional AG 1051 and transgenic Herculex@ 30S31H). Grain drying was held in convection oven with forced air ventilation while the wetting was done in a B.O.D chamber. The water movement in the grain, the volume and the electrical conductivity were evaluated periodically. The results showed that the transgenic corn grain reduced the negative effects of drying and moistening on the physical quality. The increase in drying air temperature accelerated the physical deterioration of conventional and transgenic corn grains. The increase in water content by the moistening process caused losses in grain physical quality, similar to the drying process, for both the conventional and transgenic corn grains.Qualidade física de grãos de milho submetidos aos processos de secagem e umedecimento para comercialização R E S U M O O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física de grãos de milho convencional e transgênico nos processos de secagem e umedecimento para comercialização. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, esquema fatorial (7 x 3 x 2), sete tempos de secagem (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 min), três temperaturas do ar de secagem (80, 100 e 120 °C) e dois híbridos de milho (convencional AG 1051 e o transgênico Herculex@ 30S31H). A secagem dos grãos foi realizada em estufa de convecção com ventilação forçada do ar enquanto o umedecimento foi feito em câmara do tipo B.O.D. Foram avaliadas periodicamente a movimentação de água nos grãos, o volume e a condutividade elétrica. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os grãos de milho transgênico reduziram os efeitos negativos da secagem e umedecimento na qualidade física dos grãos. O aumento da temperatura do ar de secagem acelerou a deterioração física dos grãos de milho convencional e transgênico. O aumento dos teores de água pelo processo de umedecimento proporcionou perdas na qualidade física dos grãos, semelhante ao processo de secagem, para ambos os grãos de milho convencional e transgênico.
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