No abstract

Background: w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could play a protective role on the risk of breast cancer; however, little is known about this relation among Mexican women. We evaluated the association between w-3 and w-6 PUFA intake and breast cancer risk by obesity status in Mexican women.Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Mexico, including 1,000 incident breast cancer cases and 1,074 controls matched to cases by age, health care system, and region. Women provided information on health and diet by in-person interview. Body mass index (BMI) measures were used to define overall obesity. Obesity status was categorized as normal weight (18.5 < BMI < 25), overweight (25 BMI < 30), and obese (BMI 30). A conditional logistic regression model was used to assess the association between PUFA and breast cancer risk.Results: Overall, there was no significant association between w-3 PUFA intake and breast cancer risk (P ¼ 0.31). An increased risk of breast cancer was associated with increasing w-6 PUFA intake in premenopausal women [OR ¼ 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) ¼ 1.13-3.26; P ¼ 0.04]. A decreased risk of breast cancer was significantly associated with increasing w-3 PUFA intake in obese women (OR ¼ 0.58, 95% CI ¼ 0.39-0.87; P ¼ 0.008) but not in normal weight nor in overweight women (P heterogeneity ¼ 0.017).Conclusions: Obesity status may affect the association between w-3 PUFA intake and breast cancer risk. The underlying mechanisms may be related to decreased inflammation and improved adipokin and estrogen levels induced by w-3 PUFA in adipose tissue in obese women.Impact: Increased intake of w-3 PUFA should be recommended among Mexican women in particular in obese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(2); 319-26. Ó2011 AACR.

Background: Many studies have analyzed the effect of behavioral risk factors such as common lifestyle patterns on the risk of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a healthy lifestyle index on the risk of breast cancer.Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Mexico from 2004 to 2007. One thousand incident cases and 1,074 controls, matched to cases by 5-year age category, region, and health institution, participated in the study. A healthy lifestyle index was developed by means of principal components by using dietary pattern, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking. A conditional logistic regression model was used to assess this association.Results: The healthy lifestyle index was defined as the combined effect of moderate and/or vigorousintensity physical activity, low consumption of fat, processed foods, refined cereals, complex sugars, and the avoidance of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Results showed a protective effect on both pre-(OR ¼ 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29-0.84) and postmenopausal women (OR ¼ O.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.37) when highest versus lowest index quintiles were compared.Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle was associated with a reduction in the odds of having breast cancer. Primary prevention of this disease should be promoted in an integrated manner. Effective strategies need to be identified to engage women in healthy lifestyles.Impact: This study is the first to assess a healthy lifestyle index in relation to the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(5); 912-22. Ó2011 AACR.

These findings suggest that anthropometric factors may have different associations with breast cancer risk in Hispanic women than in Caucasian women. This study also shows the importance of considering the evolution of body shape throughout life.

Objective: We investigated the association between adherence to the recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and breast cancer (BC) risk in the Cancer de Màma (CAMA) study in a Mexican population. Design: Population-based case-control study. Subjects: Incident BC cases (n 1000) and controls (n 1074) matched on age, region and health-care system were recruited. Setting: In-person interviews were conducted to assess BC risk factors and habitual diet was assessed with an FFQ. Conformity to the WCRF/AICR recommendations was evaluated through a score incorporating seven WCRF/ AICR components (body fatness, physical activity, foods and drinks that promote weight gain, plant foods, animal foods, alcoholic drinks and breast-feeding), with high scores indicating adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations. Results: No statistically significant associations between WCRF/AICR score and risk of BC were observed. After excluding BMI from the WCRF/AICR score, the top quartile was associated with a decreased BC risk overall, with OR Q4-Q1 = 0·68 (95 % CI 0·49, 0·92, P trend = 0·03), and among postmenopausal women, with OR Q4-Q1 = 0·60 (95 % CI 0·39, 0·94, P trend = 0·03). Inverse associations were observed between BMI and risk of BC overall and among premenopausal women, with OR = 0·57 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·76, P trend < 0·01) and 0·48 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·73, P trend < 0·01), respectively. Physical activity level was inversely associated with BC risk. Conclusions: The WCRF/AICR index was not related with BC risk in the CAMA study. A combination of six components excluding BMI showed strong protective associations, particularly in postmenopausal women. Further prospective studies are required to clarify the role of adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations, particularly with respect to BMI, in the Mexican population. Keywords Breast cancer Diet Physical activity Weight managementMexican women

Strategies need to be identified that will engage women in physical activity programs.

No abstract

Fatty acids (FAs) have been postulated to impact adiposity, but few epidemiological studies addressing this hypothesis have been conducted. This study investigated the association between serum phospholipid FAs (S-PLFAs) and indicators of obesity. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were collected from 372 healthy Mexican women included as controls in a case-control study. S-PLFA percentages were determined through gas chromatography. Desaturation indices, SCD-16, SCD-18, FA desaturase (FADS)1, and FADS2, biomarkers of endogenous metabolism, were proxied respectively as 16:1n-7/16:0, 18:1n-9/18:0, 20:4n-6/20:3n-6, and 22:6n-3/20:5n-3. Multiple linear regressions adjusted for relevant confounders and corrected for multiple testing were conducted to determine the association between S-PLFA, desaturation indices, and indicators of adiposity. SCD-16 (β = 0.034, P = 0.001, q = 0.014), palmitoleic acid (β = 0.031, P = 0.001, q = 0.014), and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (β = 0.043, P = 0.000, q = 0.0002) were positively associated with BMI. Total n-6 PUFAs (β = 1.497, P = 0.047, q = 0.22) and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs (β = 0.034, P = 0.040, q = 0.19) were positively associated with WHR, while odd-chain FAs (pentadecanoic and heptadecanoic acid) showed negative associations with all the adiposity indicators. In conclusion, increased endogenous synthesis of palmitoleic acid and a high n-6/n-3 ratio are associated with increased adiposity, while odd-chain FAs are associated with decreased adiposity. Further studies are needed to determine the potential causality behind these associations.