The maximum speed for attentive tracking of targets was measured in three types of (radial) motion displays: ambiguous motion where only attentive tracking produced an impression of direction, apparent motion, and continuous motion. The upper limit for tracking (about 50 deg s-1) was an order of magnitude lower than the maximum speed at which motion can be perceived for some of these stimuli. In all cases but one, the ultimate limit appeared to be one of temporal frequency, 4-8 Hz, not retinal speed or rotation rate. It was argued that this rate reflects the temporal resolution of attention, the maximum rate at which events can be individuated from those that precede or follow them. In one condition, evidence was also found for a speed limit to attentive tracking, a maximum rate at which attention could follow a path around the display.

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The interaction of the effects of luminance and spatial frequency on perception of suprathreshold contrast was studied with use of a contrast-matching paradigm. Four subjects matched the appearance of Gabor patches at different luminances and spatial frequencies. The contrast of a 1-octave Gabor test patch at one of five frequencies [1-16 cycles/degree (c/deg) in 1-octave steps] and at one of seven mean luminance levels (0.5-50 cd/m2 in 1/3-log-unit steps) was matched, by the method of adjustment to a standard patch of 3 c/deg at 50 cd/m2 at a nominal contrast of 0.3. For each block of trials the spatial frequency of the test patch was randomly changed (three repetitions at each frequency per block) while the luminance was fixed. The subject regularly shifted fixation between the two targets in response to a metronome tone every 1.5 s. Contrast constancy was demonstrated across the entire luminance range tested for all but the two highest frequencies. For 8 c/deg the perceived test contrast was reduced only when the luminance was less than 2 cd/m2. For 16 c/deg, perceived contrast decreased linearly (with a slope of -1/2 on a log scale) with decreases in luminance across the entire luminance range. As at threshold, reduction in luminance across the levels commonly available on a CRT display has only minimal effects on low-frequency suprathreshold contrast perception. However, the apparent contrast of high-frequency features, in binocular free-viewing conditions, is rapidly reduced with a local reduction in screen luminance. This effect has important implications for visual models used in image-quality analysis.

Short segments of two TV programs without audio description (AD) were presented to 25 subjects with low vision and 24 subjects with normal vision, and 29 additional subjects heard only the standard audio portions. The subjects then answered questions based on the visual information contained in the AD of the programs. The subjects with normal vision performed the best, followed by those with low vision and those who heard only the audio portion; all performed at better than chance levels. The results indicate that although AD may provide information on visual details to visually impaired audiences, some of the information in the AD may be obtained from the standard audio portion.

The contrast detection thresholds for Gabor patches, as a function of speed, oscillated by as much as a log unit when the motion was orthogonal to the orientation of the Gabor. Sensitivity was mediated by temporal frequency alone. Parallel motion, wide-band stimuli, and eye tracking allowed for higher sensitivity.

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