The results support the efficacy of cognitive therapy for CTCH.

We present a theoretical framework and a simplified simulation model for the co-evolution of knowledge and event memory, both termed SARKAE (Storing and Retrieving Knowledge and Events). Knowledge is formed through the accrual of individual events, a process that operates in tandem with the storage of individual event memories. In 2 studies, new knowledge about Chinese characters is trained over several weeks, different characters receiving differential training, followed by tests of episodic recognition memory, pseudo-lexical decision, and forced-choice perceptual identification. The large effects of training frequency in both studies demonstrated an important role of pure frequency in addition to differential context and differential similarity. The SARKAE theory provides a framework within which models for various tasks can be developed; we illustrate the way this could operate, and we make the verbal descriptions of the theory more precise with a simplified simulation model applied to the results.

Command hallucinations (CH) are a distressing and high-risk group of symptoms that have long been recognized but little understood, with few effective treatments. Research shows that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a promising treatment for hallucinations in general and therefore has a potential role in the treatment of CH. We propose that the development of an effective CBT for CH would be enhanced by a theory specific to this uniquely problematic symptom. In this article we describe and apply such a theory from evolutionary psychology, namely social rank theory, and review recent evidence for its application to hallucinations in general. Second, we present a treatment protocol developed in accordance with the principles of the theory specifically for CH, and describe an illustrative case. Finally, we outline the design and methodology of a new, randomized, controlled trial currently being undertaken to test the efficacy of the treatment. Further developments both in the protocol and in its evaluation are discussed.

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