Similarities and contrasts in punctuation systems and in the use of commas in subordinate nouns and relative clauses in Spanish and Polish
The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly compare the definitions of punctuation marks in Spanish and Polish, to justify their syntactic-logical function from a diachronic point of view, and to compare the graphic representations of punctuation marks in both languages. On the other hand, it attempts to compare, in more detail, the use of the comma in subordinate substantive clauses and in relative clauses in both languages, starting from the Spanish syntax and based on the corpus from literary works. The conclusion shows that, between both languages, there are more similarities when it comes to defining punctuation marks than when comparing the use of commas in specific syntactic structures.
-A series of aryl/hetaryl thioketones was applied for the reactions with aryl/hetaryldiazomethanes yielding, after elimination of N 2 , the corresponding thiiranes. The relatively unstable dihetaryldiazomethanes were generated in situ from the corresponding hydrazones by oxidation with DMSO. The obtained thiiranes were converted into tetraaryl/hetaryl-substituted ethenes in good yields by desulfurization performed with tris(diethylamino)phosphine ((Et 2 N) 3 P).
The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly outline the history of the Spanish and the Polish language in order to compare the role of Latin in the formation of both languages. On the other hand, it focuses on the lexicological terminology related to Latin-derived words, with special focus on Latinisms. In addition to the lexicological nomenclature, classifications of Latinisms are also compared. The differences detected in the contrastive analysis mainly concern the lack of heritage words from Latin in Polish and the different concept of doublets in Spanish and Polish. This, in turn, is due to the different type of role of Latin in both languages in its early stages of formation. The article ends with the conclusions and a brief reflection about neocultisms.
About the Romance languages and the different perspectives of their analysis reflected in the monograph written under the direction of Andrzej Zieliński Las fórmulas de saludo y de despedida en las lenguas románicas: sincronía, diacronía y aplicación a la enseñanza
The work mentions the current perspectives in the analysis of Romance languages, making a critical review of the monograph written under the direction of Andrzej Zieliński, whose object of study are the greeting and farewell formulas. In addition, the work highlights the importance of studying and preserving minority languages which, like the main Romance languages, are the result of the long training process called the Romance continuum.
The article presents the analysis of the rules of punctuation concentrated on the use of a comma in Spanish language. Nevertheless, in the introduction the author cite several exemples to show the differences and similarities between the use of a comma in Spanish, Polish, Russian, Czech, French, English and German languages in order to emphasize the conventional nature of the comma. The main part of the work presents the use of a comma in Spanish in five syntactic contexts. The article ends with conclusions that reveal the obligatory, distinctive and optional nature of the comma in the Spanish orthography.
NEURO-LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
In the first place, the article presents an inquiry conducted among students of foreign languages to get to know how define the teacher who inspires confidence. In second place, it describes what is the Neuro-Linguistic Programming, what are its origins and what are its theories and methodological resources most beneficial to optimize the teaching and learning of foreign languages and to approach the profile of a perfect decent.
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