In the present scenario, petroleum sourced fuel consumption is unsustainable; therefore, there is a high demand for the development of renewable transport fuels for environmental and economic sustainability. Microalgal fuel, with the significant feature of being carbon neutral, serves as one of the potent tools for tackling the fuel crisis. Enormous researches have been explored using fresh water species on biodiesel production; nevertheless, marine species are still in a grey area, even though reported to have higher lipid content. The current review focuses on a wide spectrum of marine microalgal sources with phycology under the criteria of open pond systems for algal oil production. The discussion on the lipid expression in the marine species have been critically analysed through the vital parameters such as solar irradiation, temperature, pH, nutrient pressure, agitation, CO2 supply, culture depth, aeration, etc. The parameters are interdependent and, if scrutinized wisely, could result in enhanced lipid productivity. Therefore, the open pond culture of marine microalgae with top prioritized parameters such as nitrogen stress, pH, and light penetration will be a suitable combination for the efficient and effective biodiesel production.
Process integration means significant challenges in operating a chemical process dynamically due to its complexity. One example is the ternary reactive distillation with inert material. Based on the heuristic approach, chemical process design and process control are performed independently one after another. This may lead to infeasible solutions either in process design and control or in both. The application of simultaneous design and control, formulated as mixed‐integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) problems, increased rapidly in the last decade. Simultaneous process design and control, including control structure selection and control parameters, is devised for the challenging benchmark problem of a ternary reactive distillation with inert material. The improved process design and control is obtained by solving the MIDO problem.
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