Aim: To determine the serum testosterone levels in the type 2 diabetes mellitus and its correlation with biochemical parameters of glycemic and lipid metabolism. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, A cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Diabetic outpatient department and Department of Medicine, Liaquat University Hospital. Male type 2 diabetics (n=100) and age matched male (n=100) were included as cases and control for study purpose. Diagnosed cases of type 2 DM, male gender and 40 – 60 years of age were included in the study protocol. Physical examination of male type 2 diabetics was performed by a consultant physician. Sera were separated from blood and stored in refrigerators at – 200C. Blood glucose, A1C, and blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLc and HDLc) were detected by standard laboratory methods. Serum testosterone was measured by ELISA (competitive immuno- assay) assay commercial kit. Data was entered in Statistical software SPSS 21.0 version (IBM, Incorp, USA) for statistical analysis (P≤0.05). Results: Mean±SD age of male type 2 diabetics was 53.2 ± 11.1 years compared to 54.5±10.4 years in control (P=0.056). Serum Testosterone in cases was 10.85±4.7 mmol/L compared to 13.39±3.8mmol/L in control (P=0.0001). Low testosterone level was noted in 46% male.Serum Testosterone shows inverse correlation with RBG (r= -0.31, P=0.003), A1C (r= -0.23, P=0.014), Cholesterol (r= -0.24, P=0.014), TAGs (r= --0.78, P=0.0001) and HDLc(r= -0.70, P=0.0001). Serum testosterone proved positively correlated with LDLc(r= 0.670, P=0.0001). Conclusion: The present study finds low serum testosterone in male type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Aim: To determine the correlation of HBA1c and serum cholesterol in diabetic patients. Methodology: This case control study was completed at the Biochemistry and Medicine Departments of Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro from October 2015 to March 2016.Total number of study subject was 100 and they were divided into two groups. Group A (case group, n=50) comprises diagnosed T2DM subjects while group B (control group, n=50) consists of healthy normal subjects (HNS), healthy normal subjects with mean age 50±6.34 years. These subjects were assessed to find association of glycosylated hemoglobin with serum Cholesterol levels in Type-2 Diabetes mellitus patients. Those patients diagnosed asT2DM with age 30- 60years were included while those patients diagnosed as diabetic erectile dysfunction, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic renal failure, familial dyslipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia was excluded in this study. Blood specimens were collected from both groups aseptically then blood glucose, HbA1c, Blood cholesterol, were estimated. Written consent was taken by all subjects including in this study. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. P value ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of study participants of both groups was 162.74±25.42 mg/dL and 82.60±10.03 mg/dL respectively. The mean random blood sugar of both groups was 299.72±57.88 mg/dL and142.72±31.63 mg/dL respectively and mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) of both groups was 8.40±1.27 and 5.75±0.24mg/dL respectively. The mean serum cholesterol values of DP and HNS were 7.05±1.02 and 5.74±1.45 mg/dl respectively. Conclusion: It was observed a positive correlation between HBA1c and serum cholesterol in type2 DM patients.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of urogenital fistulas reported at PMCH Nawabshah.  Methodology: A cross-sectional study, concluded in three years from January 2018 to December, 2020 in all ages patients with urogenital fistulas (UGF). The referred cases of UGF to gynecology and Urology Departments of the PMCH Nawabshah. The females with UGF results after elective caesarean section and gynecologic surgery including hysterectomy, prolapse repair and myomectomy were included whereas patients with UGF results due to other operative measures which includes emergency caesarian section, traumatic and congenital were excluded from this study. The data were analyzed thru SPSS version 22.0. Results: Total 247 patients were included in present study. The age of patients were 20 years to 66 years with mean age 38.99+SD7.992. Frequency and percentages of different variables that were included in this study were for the demographic and co morbidities. Majority of patients were from rural setup, house wives having low education profile, belonging to low socioeconomically and educational status. DM and HTN were the common co-morbidities observed in study population. The different frequencies and percentages were calculated for the different surgical procedure adopted before the development of fistulas, UVF and OF was assessed in different procedures. Hysterectomies was most common surgical procedure than C/S and others. P value was statistically insignificant here 0.696. Wound infections were also seen in post operated cases with high ratios due to contaminations; wound infection was present in 20.6% cases, which was very high. Conclusion: Present study revealed that the many of urogenital fistulas treated and repaired patients at our hospital setup, associated with iatrogenic obstetric origin and no any patients of UGF associated with obstructed laboras it is contrasting with other developing countries. Recorded fistulas were cured after the first surgical repair.