Briquettes

Pemanfaatan potensi biomassa yang terdapat di Kalimantan Selatan dengan raw material melimpah, salah satunya adalah kayu gelam yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan bakar co-firing boiler untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga uap sehingga dapat mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil batubara. Serbuk kayu gelam dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pellet dengan penambahan perekat atau tanpa perekat. Dalam penelitian ini menganalisa bagaimana penambahan perekat tepung tapioka menpengaruhi karaktersitik sifat fisik pellet kayu gelam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi ukuran mesh dan persentase perekat tapioka terhadap sifat fisik pellet kayu gelam. Metode yang digunakan adalah secara eksperimental. Pellet kayu gelam dibuat dengan menggunakan variasi ukuran serbuk (mesh) 40, 50, dan 60 serta menggunakan perekat tapioka dengan persentase perekat 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Pellet kayu gelam selanjutnya di lakukan pengujian di laboratorium Baristand Banjarbaru. Pellet kayu gelam diuji meliputi pengujian sifat fisik yang terdiri dari nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat-zat terbang (volatile matter), dan kadar karbon terikat (fixed carbon). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan pellet kayu mengalami peningkatan pada kadar air, kadar abu, dan kadar zat-zat terbang seiring semakin kecilnya ukuran serbuk (mesh) kayu gelam. Sedangkan kadar karbon terikat dan nilai kalor pellet kayu mengalami penurunan seiring dengan semakin kecilnya ukuran serbuk (mesh) kayu gelam. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan perekat tapioka mempengaruhi karakteristik sifat fisik pellet kayu, semakin tinggi persentase perekat maka kadar air, kadar zat-zat terbang, dan kadar abu semakin meningkat. Sementara itu, penambahan persentase perekat pada pellet kayu menyebabkan penurunan pada kadar karbon terikat dan nilai kalornya.

Rice is a food crop which is grown in Indonesia widely and used as a staple food crop for filling domestic food needs. Rice husk is a solid waste that formed from rice grain milling. Along with the increase in national rice production per year, the rice husk also increase. There is silica content in rice husk have a potency that used as a tanning agent. It can be used as a material substitution of chrome sulfate as conventional tanning agent that have carcinogenic properties. This article will explain about tanning process, the potency of rice husk in Indonesia, rice husk utilization, and silica extraction process also nano-silica processing from rice husk. Besides that, it will describe silica and nano-silica usage in the tanning process, mechanism tanning nano-silica and leather properties that produced from the tanning process with nano-silica.

Fossil fuel energy is getting thinner every year, which raises concerns in the society over the energy crisis. For this reason, there is a need for innovations, namely better alternative energy. Alternative energy that can be utilized is wood waste from alaban wood and rice husk waste. This study aims to determine the characteristics of briquettes and combustion from a mixture of alaban wood charcoal waste and rice husk. This study uses variations in particle size of 40, 50, 60 mesh and a mixture of 70%:30%, 50%:50%, 30%:70% wood charcoal waste and rice husk. In this study, the best briquette characteristics were obtained in the composition briquettes of 70%:30% alaban wood charcoal waste and 60 mesh particle size rice husks with heating value 5749.99 cal/g, water content 2.37%, ash content 4.79% volatile matter 51.69% and carbon content 41.21%. The results of the research showed the characteristics of combustion. The composition of briquettes that have alaban wood charcoal waste affects the duration of ignition, prolongs flaring, lowers the rate of combustion, and increases the temperature of the briquette. The larger particle size affects the speed of ignition, accelerates combustion, accelerates the rate of combustion, and lowers the temperature of the briquette.

Tapuk Village, Limpasu District, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency is one of the processing centers for alaban wood charcoal in South Kalimantan. The alaban wood charcoal produced by Tapuk Village consists of several grades, namely: grade A, grade B, Grade C, and Grade D. Grade D charcoal is small pieces of charcoal which are leftovers from large charcoal, often called alaban wood charcoal waste. Around Tapuk Village, there are also many residents’ rice fields, where almost all year round there are piles of rice husks that are not used by the residents. The benefits of alaban wood charcoal and rice husk waste can be increased by making it into briquettes. The percentage of briquettes waste of alaban wood charcoal and rice husks, namely 100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, 50%: 50%, 40%: 60%, 30%: 70%, 20%: 80%, 10%: 90%, and 0%: 100%. Briquettes also use 5% tapioca starch adhesive. The briquettes are then tested for their physical properties. From testing and analysis, it is known that the moisture content, ash content, and volatile matter content increased along with the increase in the percentage of rice husks. The content of bound carbon (fixed carbon) and heating value decreased along with the increase in the percentage of rice husks.

Plant Bemban (Donax canniformis) is one of the plants that is often found in the swamp area of South Kalimantan that grows wildly on the roadside and around the home garden. The purpose of this study is to find out how large the bending strength and composite impact is reinforced with bemban fiber with polyester matrix with variations in fiber orientation and alkalization time. The method is done by alkalizing the banana fiber with 4% NaOH solution with a variation of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The process of making composites with 3 layers varies the direction of fiber A (0°,45°,90°), B (45°,90°,0°), C (90°,45°,0°) and the method used is how to hand lay up. Broken photos after testing using macro photo observations. The results showed that the specimens with the highest immersion time of 30 minutes for bending with variations A (0°,45°,90°) of 112.24 MPa and the lowest at 60 minutes with variation C (90°,45°,0°) amounting to 12.67 MPa. Price impact (HI) is highest at 60 minutes immersion time with variations A (0°,45°,90°) of 0.0208 joule/mm2 and the lowest at 30 minutes immersion time with variation C (90°,45°,0°) of 0.0115 joules/mm2.

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) adalah suatu pembangkit listrik skala kecil dengan menggunakan tenaga air sebagai tenaga dengan cara memanfaatkan tinggi terjunan (head) dan jumlah debit air. Turbin archimedes screw dapat beroperasi pada head rendah dibawah 10 meter, tidak membutuhkan pipa pesat, mudah dalam perawatan dan pemasangan. Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi debit aliran air terhadap Torsi, daya hidrolis, daya generator dan efisiensi turbin yang mampu dihasilkan oleh turbin Archimedes screw. Variasi debit aliran air yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu 1 liter/s, 1,5 liter/s, dan 2 liter/s. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi debit aliran air berbanding lurus terhadap kinerja PLTMH dimana didapatkan torsi turbinefisiensi generator pada debit aliran 2 liter/s sebesar 12,76%, pada debit aliran air 1,5 liter/s sebesar 9,07%, dan pada 1 liter/s sebesar 1,16%.

South Kalimantan is one of the natural habitats of gelam wood. In South Kalimantan, gelam wood can grow well and fertile. This makes the availability of gelam wood abundant and can be used for various purposes, one of which can be used as raw material for wood pellets (biomass energy). Wood pellets made from gelam wood have not been widely studied, so it is necessary to know the effect of the size of gelam wood powder and the addition of the percentage of adhesive on the physical properties of gelam wood pellets. Wood pellets made from gelam were made using various sizes of powder (mesh) 40, 50, and 60 as well as using flour adhesive (percentage of adhesive 5%, 10%, and 15%). Gelam wood pellets were then tested for physical properties in order to determine their performance. From the research that has been carried out, it is found that the volatile matter content, ash content, and water content tend to increase with the smaller size of the gelam sawdust. Meanwhile, the calorific value and fixed carbon content have a tendency to decrease with the smaller size of the gelam sawdust. volatile matter content, ash content, and water content tend to increase as the percentage of adhesive is increased. Meanwhile, the calorific value and fixed carbon content tend to decrease with the increase in the percentage of the amount of adhesive.