“Talking after somebody”. A Language Without Communication The paper examines “talking after somebody”, i.e. the phenomenon of echolalia which is especially characteristic for low-functioning people with autism. The paper shows that such speech is unintentional and uncommunicative. The language of autistic persons also does not fulfill the causative or persuasive role. It does, however, perform the function of uncoscious self-stimulation for those people. According to therapists, this type of behaviour should be eliminated at all cost.
Analiza językowego obrazu wolności w pismach ks. Franciszka Blachnickiego, założyciela Ruchu „Światło-Życie”, wskazuje kilka ważnych cech tego obrazu. Charakteryzuje się on dużym bogactwem leksemów odnoszących się do pola pojęciowo-leksykalnego wolności i niewoli. W obrębie tych dwóch pól można wymienić różnego typu relacje znaczeniowe, ale dominują pary opozycyjnych leksemów typu: wolny – niewolnik, wyzwolenie – zniewolenie, wolność – swawola. W obrazie wolności ks. F. Blachnickiego określenia pozytywne górują zdecydowanie przed określeniami negatywnymi. Autor używa łagodniejszych terminów na określenie złego używania wolności, np. zamiast o swawoli czy samowoli mówi o pseudowolności. Rezygnuje z żywej w dyskursie religijnym metafory niewoli jako określenia szczególnego oddania się Bogu i ludziom. W zamian proponuje synonimy zależność i służba, chcąc uniknąć zdecydowanie pejoratywnej konotacji, jaką niesie w połączeniach typu niewola miłości słowo niewola.
MYŚLIWSKI AND WITTGENSTEIN: TWO TREATISES ON THE LIMITS OF LANGUAGE Limit is the key notion in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, and it was expressed in the aphorism that is probably the best-known quotation from the treatise: „The limits of my language mean the limits of my world” (5.6). The subject of the article is comparative analysis of this notion in the presentation of the Austrian philosopher L. Wittgenstein, and of the Polish novelist, Wiesław Myśliwski. Wittgenstein believes that language only refers to the real world, and what is beyond it (e.g. religion, God or ethics) is inexpressible. For Myśliwski everything is expressible in language (he himself says nothing about it). It is because literature is a limitless creator of language and the world.
What Does a Metaphor Have in Common with a Lie, Joke and Pretence?Linguistic communication consists of speech acts. In this article, I try to show the features which connect different speech acts, such as a lie, a joke, or pretending, with statements of metaphorical nature. I call them acts of communication and social competence. I understand them as ‘acts which have a meaning, are cognitive representations of what others want to communicate, and support social communication’. In the centre of this category is the metaphor which, in light of the cognitive approach, unites our intellect and imagination, and thus is not just a phenomenon of language, but primarily a phenomenon of our thinking and cognition.
In the presented paper, I am making an attempt to demonstrate the most important, in my opinion, characteristics of the language used by people with autism as ones arising directly from disrupted or completely different cognitive processes taking place in their minds. Such individuals lack, in the fi rst place, the fundamental cognitive skill being the awareness of their own and other people’s mental acts. The absence or insuffi ciency of the theory of mind gives rise to disorders in acquiring the linguistic worldview, inability to decode fi gurative meanings, failure to use langue in order to maintain contact, and failure to speak of language itself, and many more. Autistic people are characterised by the metonymic cognitive style, which uses the potential of the so-called systemising skills. Instead of thinking of other people, what to say to them and what should be said to them, people with autism think of the things that do not require familiarity with the theory of mind and are not as complex as humans. Keywords: autism – theory of mind – idiolectal worldview – language functions – metaphor – metonymic cognitive style
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