The purpose of this article is to examine the status of the Ukrainian-Polish bilateral trade links, to identify regional characteristics and disparities in the Ukrainian commodity trade with Poland. The place of Poland in the geographical structure of commodity exports and imports with regard to Ukrainian regions has been studied. Balance and connectivity coefficients of commodity trade with Poland have been calculated for 25 regions of Ukraine. Regionally influenced differentiations between the Ukrainian and Polish regional commodity trade links have been revealed. The groups of Ukrainian regions have been determined on the basis of the level of their commodity trade balance and type of external trade links with Poland.
The purpose of this article is to examine the current status of economic ties between Ukraine and Czechia, identify main trends in the contemporary commodity trade between Ukraine and Czechia, and to investigate the regional structure of Ukraine's external trade with Czechia. The article employs the coefficients of equilibrium and connectivity of regional trade links between Ukraine and Czechia in order to classify Ukrainian regions into distinct categories based on the degree of connectivity of commodity trade and the types of trade links between these two countries.
Tourism is a profitable sector of the economy, which, despite all current challenges, is rapidly developing and prioritized for the development of economic, social and cultural realms in many countries. Leading positions in international tourism are occupied by European countries, in particular Italy. The article analyzes the current state and territorial features of tourism development in Italy, considering natural, historical and cultural tourist recourses and country hotel fund. The analysis bases on such key indicators as the tourism contribution to gross domestic product, the tourism contribution to employment, the tourism capital investments, the tourism inbound (foreign) and outbound (abroad) volume, the international tourism receipts. The geographical structure of tourist flows in Italy is considered. The country has a considerable territorial differentiation in terms of tourism development. An integral index was calculated for Italy regions to evaluate tourism development level with subsequent classification of regions according to this indicator. The calculated indices allowed delimiting of the six groups of regions with high, higher than average, medium, lower than average, low and very low tourism development levels respectively. The features of tourism development in the regions of each group are revealed. In particular, the highest intensity of tourist arrivals is observed in the alpine regions of the country, which specialize in ski tourism. The high level of tourism development is also typical for the northern and central regions of the country. The lowest intensity of tourism is observed in the south-eastern regions of the country. In general, contemporary tourist development of the country is characterized with annual growth in the number of tourist arrivals, significant revenues from the tourism industry, positive balance of tourist flows, high share of tourism in the country’s GDP, formation of world-famous centers of tourism, high tourist rates. All this indicates that Italy remains one of the tourism leaders in the international tourism market.
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