Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a well-known psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Pharmacodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) have been used to treat patients with PTSD. However, it remains unclear whether there are concurrent changes in psychopathological and neurophysiological factors associated with PTSD patients. Past reports described those PTSD patients with efficient fatty acid metabolism, neurogenesis, mitochondrial energy balance could improve ability to cope against the conditioned fear responses and traumatic memories. Furthermore, cognitive, behavioral, cellular, and molecular evidence can be combined to create personalized therapies for PTSD sufferers either with or without comorbidities such as depression or memory impairment. Unfortunately, there is still evidence lacking to establish a full understanding of the underlying neurophysiological and psychopathological aspects associated with PTSD. This review has extensively discussed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of genetic factors to cause PTSD, the implications of inflammation, neurotransmitter genomics, metabolic alterations, neuroendocrine disturbance (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis), mitochondrial dynamics, neurogenesis, and premature aging related to PTSD-induced psychopathology and neurophysiology. In addition, the review delineated the importance of CBT and several pharmacodynamic therapies to mitigate symptomatology of PTSD.

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What factors negatively influence the accuracy of topical diagnosis of spinal nerve root lesion during neurological examination has not been solved until now.Objective:to identify the nature of the relationship between the accuracy of topical diagnosis of spinal nerve lesion from neurological symptoms in patients with cervical disk herniation and the peculiarities of their emotional status and quality of life.Patients and methods. Forty-eight patients with cervical disc herniation were examined. At first, the level of spinal nerve root lesion established during neurological examination was compared with the results of magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography and surgical intervention. Thereafter, the importance of emotional factors in determining the accuracy of topical diagnosis is studied in these patients.Results and discussion. If there was a divergence between preliminary neurological and final diagnoses, personality traits, such as hysteria, psy-chasthenia, alexithymia, and trait anxiety were most significant. The most substantial differences were found in the index of alexithymia. The accuracy of topical diagnosis was influenced not only by the psychological profile of patients with cervical disc herniation, but also by their qualty-of-life indicators. These are persons who are anxious and suspicious and are characterized by anxiety, fearfulness, indecision, and constant doubt. They use the symptoms of a somatic disease as a means to avoid responsibility. These patients solve all their problems, by escaping into disease, which causes social maladjustment.Conclusion.The features of an individual's psychological profile as increased anxiety, hysteria, and psychasthenia reduce the accuracy of topical diagnosis of the lesion by 25.6%. Patients with cervical disk herniation, low quality-of-life indicators, and high scale scores for hypochondria, depression, psychasthenia, and trait anxiety need their emotional status to be corrected.

Objective — analysis of lower back pain (LBP) prevalence and risk factors for its development in employees with different conditions at their workplace, depending on their age, length of service, occupational factors, and physical activity. Material and Methods — As a result of a simultaneous cross-sectional study, 3300 employees with different conditions at their workplace were examined. To study the relationships between LBP prevalence and risk factors, we used the results of employees’ survey and physical examination, along with the data on their physical activity and working conditions. Results — The workplace posture was the most common production-related risk factor for developing LBP. The second most common risk factor was the weight of the load being lifted and carried, followed by general vibration at a workplace. The least significant factor was a bending motion. According to our data, LBP prevalence in all observation groups was increasing with both age and length of employment. Over 50% of those working in hazardous conditions at the age of 50 yo and higher had LBP. Low physical activity at a workplace led to a statistically significant increase in the chances of LBP emergence. Conclusion — In employees without exposure to harmful risk factors in the form of physical exertion and general vibration, the prevalence of LBP was significantly lower than in workers in harmful working conditions. The combined effect of static and dynamic physical activities at a workplace had a more pronounced negative impact on workers’ health. Low physical activity was a significant risk factor for LBP development.

Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В. И. Разумовского, Российская Федерация 2 Саратовский научно-исследовательский институт сельской гигиены, Российская Федерация 3 Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования, москва, Российская Федерация In review showed that in the foci of concussion and intracranial hematomas of small volume when using a course of lowintensity laser radiation, several positive therapeutic effects are observed due to microcirculatory, metabolic, and neuroreflex mechanisms. These mechanisms are closely interrelated and in many ways, complement each other. Improvement of microcirculation is achieved by increasing the volume rate of arterial and venous blood flow, normalization of vascular tone, strengthening the functioning of natural and the formation of new anastomoses and collaterals, reducing blood clotting activity, improving its rheological properties. The mechanism for improving metabolic metabolism is associated with the ability of low-intensity laser radiation to activate biosynthetic and redox processes in brain cells. The literature review reveals the versatile properties of low-intensity laser radiation in the foci of concussion and intracranial hematomas of small volume.

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Саратовский медицинский научный центр гигиены, Российская Федерация 2 Саратовский государственный медицинский университет им. В. И. Разумовского, Российская Федерация 3 Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет, Российская ФедерацияHealthy nutrition is a key factor in reducing the risk of chronic non-infectious disease development and progression. In the present review, we assessed the results of epidemiological and clinical studies reporting participants' nutritional features including unbalanced rations, excessive caloric intake, and a lack of food intake variety, as well as differences between male and female nutrition stereotypes and deficiencies in the intake of vitamins and microelements. The interrelation between fiber intake and obesity risk, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes was confirmed. This article addresses the role of insufficient intakes of micronutrients and dietary fiber in the development of non-infectious diseases, as well as the necessity of and suggestions for their correction to prevent pathologic conditions.The research results justify the need for further longitudinal population-based epidemiological research aimed to study the associations among clinical, medical, and social indices and assess the contribution of nutrition-related risk factors to the development of non-infectious diseases. To increase the effectiveness of prophylaxis against chronic non-infectious diseases, it is appropriate to use an integrated strategy to increase awareness among the population and professionalism among primary health care providers regarding issues of healthy nutrition. Health care professionals should use a personalized approach to develop recommendations regarding nutritional behavior, taking into account patients' sex and age, taste preferences, presence of concomitant pathology, physical activity, and professional employment.

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