Some recovery can be expected in a significant number of patients who experience smell loss. The amount of recovery depends on the degree of initial loss, age, and the duration of loss. Etiology, per se, is not a significant determinant of prognosis, in contrast with what is commonly believed.

The regulated ability of integrin αIIbβ3 to bind fibrinogen plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation, adhesion, and hemostasis. Employing an optical-trap-based electronic force clamp, we studied the thermodynamics and kinetics of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen bond formation and dissociation under constant unbinding forces, mimicking the forces of physiologic blood shear on a thrombus. The distribution of bond lifetimes was bimodal, indicating that the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex exists in two bound states with different mechanical stability. The αIIbβ3 antagonist, abciximab, inhibited binding without affecting the unbinding kinetics, whereas Mn²(+) biased the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complex to the strong bound state with reduced off-rate. The average bond lifetimes decreased exponentially with increasing pulling force from ∼5 pN to 50 pN, suggesting that in this force range the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions are classical slip bonds. We found no evidence for catch bonds, which is consistent with the known lack of shear-enhanced platelet adhesion on fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Taken together, these data provide important quantitative and qualitative characteristics of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen binding and unbinding that underlie the dynamics of platelet adhesion and aggregation in blood flow.

. (2007). Photoacoustic effect for multiply scattered light. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/be_papers/98Photoacoustic effect for multiply scattered light AbstractWe consider the photoacoustic effect for multiply scattered light in a random medium. Within the accuracy of the diffusion approximation to the radiative transport equation, we present a general analysis of the sensitivity of a photoacoustic wave to the presence of one or more small absorbing objects. Applications to tumor detection by photoacoustic imaging are suggested. We consider the photoacoustic effect for multiply scattered light in a random medium. Within the accuracy of the diffusion approximation to the radiative transport equation, we present a general analysis of the sensitivity of a photoacoustic wave to the presence of one or more small absorbing objects. Applications to tumor detection by photoacoustic imaging are suggested.

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