Why are the pilgrims given empty scriptures in the final chapters of Journey to the West ? Prevailing interpretations read it as a transparent joke. This article instead proposes that the final chapters of the novel should be read as an extended allegorical commentary on the Heart Sūtra . The metaphysics of the empty scriptures and the materiality of the fragmented scriptures deliberately correspond to the Heart Sūtra ’s duality of emptiness and form, a duality that is ultimately dissolved in the Buddhist paradox of expressing nonduality through linguistic means. Xiyou ji , and in fact Buddhism at large, suggests that all texts—whether they be scriptures or literary fiction—are necessary yet insufficient vehicles in the pursuit of ultimate truth. Texts are only instrumental; the proverbial raft that must be discarded once the river to enlightenment has been crossed. 摘要: 本文將《西遊記》的結局作為《般若心經》的託寓來解讀,分析小說如何 以無字天書的的形而上學的內涵來闡述心經中色與空之間虛妄的雙對性。《西遊 記》指出,在追尋絕對真義的過程中,文本只不過是一個工具而已。这一道理无 异于佛法的基本教義。
A study was carried out from 10-14 November 2011 to determine the diversity, composition and distribution of aquatic insects in the streams of Kisolong, Molongis and Hatob waterfalls. Six stations were selected in each stream with one station located at the upper reach and another situated at the lower reach. A 100 metre reach of the stream was selected for each sampling site. Surber net measuring 500 micron mesh size rectangular quadrat of 30 cm X 30 cm (0.09 m2) was used. A total of 2163 individuals representing 61 families from eight orders were successfully recorded. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera), Perlidae and Peltoperlidae (Plecoptera) and Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) were the most abundant families collected in each stream. Based on biotic indices, all streams were undisturbed and had good water quality.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.