It is Jrequently asserted that Jemale police cifficers are less likely than their male counterparts to engage in misconduct or to approve oj such behaviour by Jellow cfficer; This paper assesses the extent to which such assumptions hold true in the case oj Queensland police. The paper draws upon three sources oj data: attitudinal surveys administered to serving police officers, police-initiated complaints, and public complaints against police. Attitudinal data showedJew differences between male andJemale police officers in their views oj ethical conduct and the stated willingness to report a Jellow officer known to have behaved inappropriately. In addition, Jemale recruits were Jound to be as likely as males to modify their views once they have spent some time 'in thefield'. Attitudinal results were supported by the finding that, regardless oj gender, only a small number oj cifficers below the rank if Sergeant were willing to initiate complaints oj misconduct against a Jellow police officer. Complaints against police data showed male cifficers were more likely than Jemale officers to attract complaints, in particular, complaints oj assault. Overall, the findings question the argument that Jemale cifficers are inherently 'more ethical' in their outlook or that they are more willing to report misconduct than their male counterparts. While Jemale police officers may not be inherently more ethical, their employment has some important organisational advantages, such as enabling a reduction in complaints, particularly those relating to the use oj Jorce, and a reinJorcement if the principles if community policing.
This study demonstrates the potential for using complaints data to identify and remedy misconduct problems in policing, and to reduce complaints. The study is distinctive in focusing on units of police management responsibility at the operational level. Drawing on the criminological concept of crime mapping, analysis of complaints was conducted at a more specific level than previously attempted, either in the subject jurisdiction or in published research on the topic. The study is also distinctive in attempting to control for the effects of different “task environments” — by comparing units of similar size and similar duties — and by comparing complaint patterns in terms of concentration and prevalence. A high concentration of complaints was interpreted as indicative of a problem with small numbers of individuals attracting a large number of complaints. A high prevalence was considered indicative of a more diffuse problem that might be associated with negative aspects of the workplace culture of a unit. The analysis found units in all possible combinations of concentration and prevalence of complaints. Out of 436 units, 38 had no complaints and 79 had either a high concentration or a high prevalence. Five units had a combination of a high concentration and high prevalence. A number of implications follow from these findings subject to more refined research. For example, cases of high concentrations of complaints might to be addressed with responses tailored to individual behavioural patterns. The issue of a possible negative culture should be addressed through reviews of management practices, with attention to issues such as supervision and staff morale.
This paper looks at the visual and textual images of chemists in A. Cressy Morrison's Man in a Chemical World. It argues that Morrison was attempting to create a public image of an American chemist different from European chemists. Morrison and the illustrator Leon Söderston, working on behalf of the American Chemical Society, attempted to associate chemists and chemical industry with American prosperity by linking the 'man in the white lab coat' to religious and secular themes. This approach is analyzed using the concept of metonyms. Metonyms are a way of encapsulating complex ideas and associations within simple, often iconic, images in text and illustrations.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.