pp. 110 y 111: Pobladores de La Barca, comunidad na'savi de Cochoapa el Grande conmemoran cinco años de la fundación del pueblo, construido después de un sismo que destruyó sus viviendas. Como otras comunidades guerrerenses de La Montaña, su vida cotidiana transcurre entre la migración, el desempleo y la carencia de servicios básicos. Foto: Prometeo Lucero, abril de 2010.Este artículo expone un caso de desposesión territorial, destrucción del paisaje y dominación política de comunidades campesinas mexicanas protagonizado por la corporación canadiense Goldcorp en su afán por apropiarse de los minerales subyacentes mediante la brutal minería de tajo a cielo abierto. Se muestra cómo la corporación, con apoyo de agencias del Estado mexicano, establece vínculos de dominación sobre las comunidades locales fundados en el principio de "reciprocidad negativa", definida como "la intención de tomar impunemente algo sin dar nada a cambio". Esta práctica política de coerción otorga los beneficios a la corporación y transfiere impunemente los costos sociales y ambientales a las comunidades.Palabras clave: minería a cielo abierto, corporación minera, acumulación por desposesión, comunidad campesina, Goldcorp
La nueva geografía de la minería de tajo a cielo abierto en América Latina se extiende al México rural, con efectos drásticos sobre la tierra, el agua y otros recursos de subsistencia de las sociedades campesinas. Este estudio muestra cómo una empresa minera canadiense ganó el control de la tierra y agua necesaria para operar la mina Peñasquito en el norte de Zacatecas; cómo desactivó las protestas campesinas posteriores, y como ha logrado tomar grandes volúmenes de riqueza mineral a cambio de compensaciones minúsculas a la sociedad local. El papel de los agentes del Estado en la negociación y la interpretación de los contratos legales resultantes es particularmente significativo. Los investigadores debieran examinar las tácticas que las corporaciones mineras utilizan para tomar territorialidades campesinas y acallar la protesta campesina, porque éstas dan forma a un proceso más general de un desigual intercambio económico y ecológico.
This paper is about the ongoing conflict between elements of the Huichol people of western Mexico with allied NGOs, and the Canadian mining company First Majestic in the Wirikuta/Catorce region in northern Mexico. Specific groups of the Huichol make yearly 400 km pilgrimages from their communities in western Mexico to Wirikuta, a vast region they consider highly sacred and therefore, in which mining cannot be tolerated. However, mining has existed in the region for over 200 years, and the local, permanent, non-Huichol inhabitants of this region have shown a strong support for First Majestic's underground silver mining project. We center our analysis on discourse, highlighting the underlying discursive systems or languages that shape and support them. In our framework, languages are considered as systems through which claims of morality, legitimacy and truth are produced and communicated in the public sphere by social actors in order to mobilize people and resources. We identify three central languages in play throughout this conflict: the language of indigenous rights, the scientific language of biodiversity conservation, and the language of development, particularly as expressed through the notion of ''sustainable mining.'' We argue that the role of discourse in conflict is central in the development of conflicts and useful for their understanding. Although the discourse of indigenous rights has proven effective for the Huichols to temporarily halt the mining project, the company's use of the language of development, as in their ''community projects'', has been successful in legitimizing the project and strengthening local support. The language of conservation, invoked in parallel to claims in terms of indigenous rights, has had mixed results for the Huichols. Finally, we seek to establish connections from the Wirikuta/Catorce conflict to broader trends in national policy and global issues of land/resource conflicts between communities and extractive industries.
The increase and preservation of the socio-environmental functions of urban green spaces (UGS) through suitable management is part of the actions of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. UGS offer benefits to the population in function of their quantity, availability and accessibility. Therefore, we developed a methodology to measure and classify UGS within the urban center of the Queretaro Metropolitan Area in central Mexico. We established one UGS category: public green space and polygon digitization was conducted at 1:1000 scale through on-screen digitization using visual image interpretation. Spatial analysis was carried out in terms of ( 1) extent (urban green space area); (2) density of UGS (m2 of green area/city block; and (3) accessibility to UGS (access for the population at block level as a unit of analysis). Furthermore, cartographic accuracy assessment was conducted in order to validate the generated data. The results show not only the spatial distribution of UGS in the study area but also their spatial relations with the population, in terms of accessibility and density measured against conventional standards. These results may contribute to urban planning regarding UGS, for the improvement of their functions and contributions to the cities' populations.
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