Objective The aim of this in situ study was to investigate with four imaging modalities whether covering dentine with adhesive resins could protect against erosion from acids. The objectives were to observe and quantify the effects of acids and the soft tissues, especially the tongue, on dentine and the bonding agents using four assessment techniques: qualitative assessment with SEM, surface roughness and thickness of resin with the TSM and volume loss with the laser profilometer. Design An in situ investigation using extracted dentine sections embedded in splints held on the palate of 10 volunteers. The dentine sections were protected by two resins and subjected to a tooth wear regime. Results Both Seal and Protect and Opitbond Solo protected the tooth surfaces from a tooth wear regime. There were no statistical differences between the control surfaces and those protected with dentine bonding agents for resin thickness, roughness and profilometry. The appearance of the slabs under both confocal and SEM showed that the material remained in place despite a vigorous wear regime and therefore protected the tooth surface. Conclusions For patients with uncontrolled erosion or tooth wear, applying a dentine bonding agent to exposed dentine is a practical option to prevent further damage.
A 32-year-old man presented with a complicated crown-root fracture of a maxillary lateral incisor. The fracture extended subgingivally, and apical to the alveolar bone crest, invading the biologic width. Flap surgery to expose the fractured root face was performed and the coronal tooth fragment reattached with a dual-cure resin adhesive. Examination six months after treatment revealed periodontal health, good aesthetics and normal function.
Air abrasion cutting, using particulates accelerated in a controlled compressed gas stream, is currently being re‐evaluated as a precision tissue removal technique for dental cavity preparation. The minimal vibrations and heat generated during cutting commend the technique for use in the shaping of fragile or brittle materials that are vulnerable to vibrations and thermal stresses.
Traditional air abrasion studies have relied solely upon post‐procedure imaging, and cutting process details have been inferred from the nature of the residual surface. In this paper, however, a real‐time confocal microscopic imaging method is described, which for the first time has allowed prior target structure characterization with subsequent imaging of cutting interactions and substrate failure patterns. Using internally focusing long working distance Hill objective lenses, focusing deep to a protective microscope slide and adhesive interfaces, unhindered remote image sampling within the bulk of specimens such as tooth tissue, acrylic and brittle ceramics was possible.
Moreover, areas of active cutting and inactive regions were identified within air abraded cavities during their creation. The characteristics of the finished cut surfaces were demonstrated and confirmed the findings of previous SEM studies. The method allowed direct control over all the known variables influencing cutting with particulate streams.
SUMMARYWe reviewed studies wherein the cutting of dental tissues, simulating interactions that would occur under clinical circumstances in the mouth, have been observed directly-first by real time, video rate, stereoscopic, three-dimensional scanning electron microscopy; and second and more conveniently, by video rate confocal optical microscopy. We have observed, directly, both the interactions of slow-moving cutting instruments emulating "chisels" and high-speed
216Operative Dentistry events, including the effects of rotary burs and air-propelled abrasive particles and soft powder slurries. The observational data contribute to our basic understanding of the functional behavior of dental tissues and formed a useful background for the practitioner of operative dentistry.
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