MAT is not a niche for fat accumulation under conditions of energy surplus and type 2 diabetes, also is not associated with VAT or insulin resistance. MAT is associated with glycated hemoglobin.

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The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between bone traits [bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS)] and the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues [abdominal subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), marrow (MAT) and intrahepatic lipids (IHL)], as well as insulin resistance, in subjects with Cushing’s disease (CD). The study included control (C = 27), paired (P = 16) and Cushing’s disease (CD = 10) groups, which underwent biochemical assessment, dual X-ray absorptiometry, TBS, and magnetic resonance imaging to determine fat deposits. The CD group showed higher serum levels of glucose and insulin, as well as HOMA-IR values, but lower circulatory levels of osteocalcin, in comparison to C and P. The CD group exhibited lower L1-L4 BMD than P (P = 1.059 ± 0.141 vs CD = 0.935 ± 0.093 g/cm2, p < 0.05) (Fig 1A). The lumbar spine BMD from the C group was similar to the other groups. TBS was lower in CD than in P and C (C = 1.512±0.077 vs P = 1.405±0.150 vs CD = 1.135±0.136; p<0.05); there was also significant difference between C and P (p<0.05). MAT, VAT, and IHL were higher in CD than in C and P (p<0.05). Considering all subjects, there was a positive association between TBS with both lumbar spine BMD (R2 = 0.45; p<0.0001) and osteocalcin (R2 = 0.44; p = 0.05). TBS was negatively associated with MAT (R2 = 0.49; p = 0.01), VAT (R2 = 0.55; p<0.05), and HOMA-IR (R2 = 0.44; p<0.01). MAT was positively related with VAT (R2 = 0.44; p<0.01) and IHL (R2 = 0.41; p<0.05). In CD, insulin resistance and adipose tissue dysfunction, including high MAT, are active players in bone deterioration, as confirmed by lower lumbar spine BMD and lower TBS. Thus, our findings point to an additional component of the already well-known complex mechanisms of osteoporosis associated with hypercortisolism.

Energy deprivation leads to a decrease in white adipose tissue and bone mineral density (BMD), while simultaneously inducing the expansion of marrow adipose tissue (MAT). In short bowel syndrome (SBS), parenteral nutrition mitigates the deterioration of nutritional status, including decreases in MAT. Osteoporosis is, however, a frequent complication of SBS. The objective of our study here was to evaluate the association of fat deposit sites (subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues: intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and MAT) and the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) with BMD in individuals with SBS. MAT was negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD in normal individuals, but not in those in the SBS group, who otherwise showed a positive correlation between MAT and GLP1. In addition, in individuals with SBS, IHL was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD and positively associated with C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (a serum biomarker of bone turnover). Caloric maintenance in individuals with SBS, therefore, seems to positively affect the relationship between MAT and BMD, which may be modulated, at least in part, by GLP1.

Dengue fever is re-emerging worldwide, however the reasons of this new emergence are not fully understood. Our goal was to report the incidence of dengue in one of the most populous States of Brazil, and to assess the high-risk areas using a spatial and spatio-temporal annual models including geoclimatic, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. An ecological study with both, a spatial and a temporal component was carried out in Sao Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, between January 1 st , 2007 and December 31 st , 2019. Crude and Bayesian empirical rates of dengue cases following by Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) were calculated considering the municipalities as the analytical units and using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation in a Bayesian context. A total of 2,027,142 cases of dengue were reported during the studied period. The spatial model allocated the municipalities in four groups according to the SIR values: (I) SIR<0.8; (II) SIR 0.8<1.2; (III) SIR 1.2<2.0 and SIR>2.0 identified the municipalities with higher risk for dengue outbreaks. “Hot spots” are shown in the thematic maps. Significant correlations between SIR and two climate variables, two demographic variables and one socioeconomical variable were found. No significant correlations were found in the spatio-temporal model. The incidence of dengue exhibited an inconstant and unpredictable variation every year. The highest rates of dengue are concentrated in geographical clusters with lower surface pressure, rainfall and altitude, but also in municipalities with higher degree of urbanization and better socioeconomic conditions. Nevertheless, annual consolidated variations in climatic features do not influence in the epidemic yearly pattern of dengue in southeastern Brazil.

Objetivo: Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar diferenciais inter-municípios e temporais dos padrões de mortalidade fetal no estado de São Paulo (SP) e identificar indicadores municipais associados. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com uso de análises exploratórias espaciais e modelagem bayesiana espacial e espaço-temporal utilizando histórico de dados do estado de SP entre 2005 e 2016. Foram calculadas as taxas brutas e bayesianas empíricas de mortalidade fetal considerando município como unidade de análise e, em seguida, foram calculados os índices globais de Moran e Geary para testar a hipótese de autocorrelação espacial. Os indicadores municipais testados como covariáveis do modelo bayesiano espacial foram selecionados por uma combinação de métodos de Análise de Componentes Principais e critério Deviance Information Criterion. Foram calculdas as taxas totalmente bayesianas de mortalidade fetal pelos modelos bayesianos espacial com e sem covariáveis. A identificação de padrões espaço-temporais foi realizada pela modelagem bayesiana espaço-temporal. Resultados: A autocorrelação espacial foi evidenciada pelos índices de Moran e Geary, não havendo evidências de aleatoriedade em sua distribuição. A seleção de indicadores municipais resultou como finalistas cinco variáveis e o modelo bayesiano espacial com quatro indicadores municipais foi eleito o modelo com melhor ajuste, apontando relação de aumento da taxa de mortalidade fetal nos municípios que apresentam as seguintes características: baixo percentual de crianças entre 4 e 5 anos na escola; alto percentual de adolescentes entre 15 e 17 anos no ensino médio com 2 anos de atraso; alto percentual da população em domicílios com densidade superior a 2 pessoas por dormitório. A amplitude das taxas empíricas bayesianas e totalmente bayesianas foram reduzidas em relação à taxa bruta, de tal modo que as taxas bayesianas empíricas global e local apresentaram a menor e a maior variabilidade entre as taxas calculadas, respectivamente. A região intermediária de São José dos Campos e da Baixada Santista apresentaram altas taxas de mortalidade fetal e relação geral de indicadores municipais que indicavam piores condições. A região de Marília obteve maiores taxas de mortalidade fetal segundo o modelo eleito apesar da relação de indicadores apresentarem boas condições. O modelo bayesiano espaço-temporal identificou leve tendência de redução da taxa de mortalidade ao longo dos anos no SP. Conclusões: Os achados do estudo apontam a necessidade de intensificação de políticas públicas que gerem maior atenção à saúde das gestantes que residem em locais com alta vulnerabilidade social e baixo rendimento médio per capita, que são locais de maior risco para mortalidade fetal. ABSTRACTKUTSCHENKO NAHAS, A. Stillbirth rate spatial-temporal patterns in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, 2005-2016. 160p. 2018. Doctoral Dissertation.Objective: This study aims to assess differential inter-urban and temporal stillbirth patterns in the state of São Paulo (SP), as well as identify possible associated ...