Inventários biológicos são importantes ferramentas para o conhecimento da biodiversidade e auxiliam no entendimento das alterações provenientes de processos antrópicos ou naturais. Inventários de comunidades de abelhas são especialmente relevantes e ainda escassos em ambiente de restinga na região sul do Estado de Santa Catarina. Nosso objetivo foi analisar a comunidade de abelhas em área de restinga arbórea no município de Araranguá, extremo sul catarinense.
Endocrine Disruptors (EDs) are substances that influence the organic activities of the endocrine system of the human body. In recent decades, there has been increasing interest from the scientific community and the media about the possible harmful effects caused to humans by exposure to these chemicals. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on the concepts of these chemicals, their effects on human health and mechanism of action. A bibliographic survey was conducted through the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Scielo, institutional website and books between 1999 and 2019, in portuguese and english. The data obtained indicated the impact of EDs on obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular system, polycystic ovary syndrome, carcinogenicity and thyroid system. Thus, EDs are substances that affect human health, since several studies indicate endocrine interference of these substances, which impact on organism damage.
A Síndrome Metabólica (SM) é um transtorno complexo representado por um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular usualmente relacionados à deposição central de gordura e à resistência à insulina. Segundo estudos abordados, foi observado que grande parte dessa população, sobretudo os adolescentes em específico, apresenta-se em um quadro de obesidade ou sobrepeso, podendo levar à síndrome metabólica e disfunção endotelial, um marcador precoce de risco cardiovascular. A obesidade tem aumentado rapidamente em todo o mundo e é considerada um fator de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Crianças e adolescentes têm sido seriamente impactados por essa tendência, já que um perfil pró-inflamatório parece também ser mais comum nessas crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso. Através dos estudos analisados foi possível verificar que a elevada prevalência de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes sinaliza que políticas públicas de prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes, quando ainda não se têm agravos estabelecidos, têm potencial de alcançar melhores resultados no enfrentamento das doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes, levando em consideração o fato de que essa condição pode ser um possível preditivo de obesidade na fase adulta, aumentando o risco do indivíduo de ser um portador de doença crônica.
Objective: To analyze the tumor biological markers of breast cancer associated with the prognostic of the disease. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out on the Scielo, PubMed, and the National Cancer Institute databases on the topic. Descriptors used were: tumor biomarkers, breast cancer, and prognosis. Thus, 15 articles published between 2001 and 2020 were selected. Results: Breast cancer, characterized by the disordered multiplication of breast cells, is the most incident in women in the world, representing 24.2% of the total cases in 2018, and the most frequent cause of death in this gender. Accordingly, tumor markers are complementary tests for early diagnosis, since they are macromolecules derived from the tumor and biological fluids. The evaluation of tumor markers is of paramount importance due to the great diversity in clinical progression of breast cancer, for example, those hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone), MIB-1, Ki-67, PCNA, p53, and c-erbB-2. Hence, about two-thirds of breast cancers are positive for hormone receptors and are related to a more favorable prognosis. PCNA (36 kDa protein perceptible in the cell nucleus from the late G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle) and MIB-1 (direct antibody against parts of the Ki-67 antigen) have a high proportion of tumor cells associated with a high-degree tumor differentiation, indicating a worse prognosis. Furthermore, mutations in the p53 and c-erbB-2 genes report low levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors, leading to a worse prognosis. Conclusion: In brief, the recognition of the main markers helps in the identification of patients with potentially aggressive tumors and in the mortality reduction of breast cancer, through treatments that can alter the course of the disease. On account of this, it is known that the tumor markers must be used in combination with the other methods such as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic modifications.
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