In developing countries, the incidence of postharvest losses reduces the quantity and quality of food for human consumption and causes an economical damage along the food chain, especially, for primary producers. In this study, a multisystem coating (NC-EOt-C) based on pullulan and polymeric nanocapsules containing EO of Thymus vulgaris L. (EOt) was applied to increase the shelf life of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). The major components of EOt, chemically characterized by GC-MS, were o-cymene (32.68%), thymol (31.90%), and γ-terpinene (15.69%). The NC-EOt were prepared by nanoprecipitation and showed a particle mean size of 153.9 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.186, a zeta potential of −4.11 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 52.81%. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS + methods) of EOt was maintained, or even improved, after its incorporation into NC. The shelf life study showed that grapes having the NC-EOt-C multisystem maintained their characteristics of color, firmness, TA, and SSC for longer time than those without the multisystem. NC-EOt-C multisystem acted as a barrier which reduced the metabolism of fruits. In addition, the compounds of EOt with antimicrobial activity avoided microorganism growth, while those with antioxidant activity reduced the oxidative stress induced during postharvest of grapes. Additionally, the polymeric structure of NC prevented the rapid evaporation of volatile compounds of EOt, increasing then their residence time on the fruit. Our study demonstrated that NC-EOt-C multisystem can be a viable alternative to preserve horticultural products for longer storage periods.
Las deficiencias en la tecnología postcosecha y el ataque de fitopatógenos ocasionan que los productos hortofrutícolas, como el jitomate, presenten una vida útil muy corta. Además del daño económico, esto puede traer efectos negativos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar un recubrimiento activo de alginato de sodio en combinación con nanocápsulas poliméricas cargadas con eugenol (AL-NP-EUG) para mejorar la vida útil del jitomate. Utilizando la técnica de nanoprecipitación se obtuvieron NP con un tamaño de 171 nm, un índice de polidispersidad de 0.113 y un potencial zeta de –2.47 mV. Utilizando la técnica de HS-SPME con CG-FID, se determinó un porcentaje de eficiencia de encapsulación de 31.85 % para el EUG. El estudio de vida útil demostró que los jitomates tratados con el AL-NP-EUG mantuvieron por más tiempo la firmeza que aquellos sin el recubrimiento. Además, en el ensayo de patogenicidad se demostró que los jitomates con el AL-NP-EUG no presentaron signos de daño ocasionado por el fitopatógeno Colletotrichum gloesporoides. Se concluyó que la formulación de EUG nanoencapsulado e incorporado al recubrimiento comestible presenta alto potencial para su aplicación como nanoconservador natural de productos hortofrutícolas como el jitomate.
Identification and quantification of corncob as adulterant in corn dough and tortilla by MIR-FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis Identificación y cuantificación de olote como adulterante en masa y tortilla de maíz mediante espectroscopia MIR-FTIR y análisis multivariable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics was developed to detect and quantify the adulteration in white and blue corn dough and white and blue corn tortilla, with corncob. The classification model, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), showed 100% correct classification rate for adulterated samples from unadulterated ones. The best quantitative chemometric calibration model was developed with the partial least square (PLS) algorithm showing coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between predicted and actual adulterant concentrations that range from 0.996 to 0.998 for all samples. Standard error of prediction (SEP) for the developed models ranged between 0.395 and 0.590 for all samples. The results showed that mid-infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analysis can effectively be used to identify and quantify corncob in white and blue corn dough and in white and blue corn tortilla.Keywords: adulteration; FTIR; multivariate analysis; corncob; corn dough; corn tortilla Se desarrollaron modelos quimiométricos acoplados a espectroscopia de infrarrojo medio por transformada Fourier (MIR-FTIR) para identificar y cuantificar la adulteración en masa y tortilla de maíz blanco y azul con olote. El modelo de clasificación, modelado suave independiente de analogía de clases (SIMCA) clasificó correctamente al 100% las muestras adulteradas con olote de las no adulteradas. El algoritmo de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) desarrolló el mejor modelo quimiométrico cuantitativo con coeficientes de determinación (R 2 ), entre concentraciones predichas por el modelo y concentraciones reales, de 0,998 para masa de maíz blanca, 0,996 para masa de maíz azul, 0,997 para tortilla de maíz blanca y 0,998 para tortilla de maíz azul. Los errores estándar de predicción (SEP) de los modelos desarrollados variaron entre 0,395 y 0,590 para todas las muestras. Los resultados mostraron que la espectroscopia de infrarrojo medio acoplada al análisis multivariable puede usarse de manera efectiva para identificar y cuantificar olote en masa de maíz blanca y azul, así como en tortilla de maíz blanca y azul.
Deficiencies in postharvest technology and the attack of phytopathogens cause horticultural products, such as tomatoes to have a very short shelf life. In addition to the economic damage, this can also have negative effects on health and the environment. The objective of this work is to evaluate an active coating of sodium alginate in combination with eugenol-loaded polymeric nanocapsules (AL-NP-EUG) to improve the shelf life of tomato. Using the nanoprecipitation technique, NPs with a size of 171 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.113 and a zeta potential of −2.47 mV were obtained. Using the HS-SPME technique with GC-FID, an encapsulation efficiency percentage of 31.85% was determined for EUG. The shelf-life study showed that the AL-NP-EUG-treated tomatoes maintained firmness longer than those without the coating. In addition, the pathogenicity test showed that tomatoes with AL-NP-EUG showed no signs of damage caused by the phytopathogen Colletotrichum gloesporoides. It was concluded that the formulation of EUG nanoencapsulated and incorporated into the edible coating presents high potential for its application as a natural nanoconservative of fruit and vegetable products such as tomato.
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