Family-to-work conflict has received less attention in the literature compared to work-to-family conflict. This gap in knowledge is more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the documented increase in family responsibilities in detriment of work performance, particularly for women. Job satisfaction has been identified as a mediator between the family and work domains for the individual, but these family-to-work dynamics remain unexplored at a dyadic level during the pandemic. Therefore, this study tested the relationship between family-to-work conflict and job and family satisfaction, and the mediating role of job satisfaction between family-to-work conflict and family satisfaction, in dual-earner parents. A non-probability sample of 430 dual-earner parents with adolescent children were recruited in Rancagua, Chile. Mothers and fathers answered an online questionnaire with a measure of family-to-work conflict, the Job Satisfaction Scale and Satisfaction with Family Life Scale. Data was analysed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model with structural equation modelling. Results showed that, for individuals, a higher family-to-work conflict is linked to lower satisfaction with both their job and family life, and these two types of satisfaction are positively associated with one another. Both parents experience a double negative effect on their family life satisfaction, due to their own, and to their partner’s family-to-work conflict; however, for fathers, this effect from their partner occurs via their own job satisfaction. Limitations and implications of this study are discussed, indicating the need of family-oriented workplace policies with a gender perspective to increase satisfaction in the family domain for workers and their families.

Moral disengagement is a process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate from their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distressed. It has been described as a key predictor of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., delinquency, aggression, and cyberbullying) and as a mediator between individual variables and unethical outcomes (e.g., empathy and aggression). We aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and correlations with other constructs of the most used instrument to measure disengagement from moral self-sanctions: Bandura’s Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS). A non-probabilistic national sample of 528 Chilean adolescents from 14 to 18 years participated in the study. The results showed that the 10-item version of the MMDS had a unidimensional structure and good internal consistency. As expected, the MMDS-10 showed positive and medium correlations with abusive, violent antisocial, and delinquent behaviors and negative and medium associations with prosocial behavior and empathy. Additionally, moral disengagement fully mediated the relationship between empathy and violent antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis on moral disengagement as a self-regulatory cognitive process. The results confirm previous research, and the findings are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing the use of moral disengagement strategies in adolescence.

ResumenLa finalidad de este estudio instrumental fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Manual para la Valoración del riesgo de Violencia contra la pareja sara (the spousal assault risk assessment) por medio de la adaptación y de la obtención de indicadores de validez concurrente y diagnóstica y de consistencia interna. La muestra estuvo conformada por 62 participantes, 32 agresores contra la pareja y 30 no agresores contra la pareja (muestra de contraste). Se administró el Manual SARA adaptado, junto al Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) versión chilena y el Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) versión chilena. Los resultados sugieren buenos coeficientes de consistencia interna, validez concurrente y validez diagnóstica. Se discuten las implicancias de los hallazgos. Palabras clave: Violencia contra la pareja, Manual SARA, Validez, Confiabilidad. Abstractthe purpose of this instrumental study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the spousal assault risk assessment (sara) through an adaptation process and evaluating concurrent and diagnostic validity and internal consistency. the participants were 62, 32 offenders against their couple and 30 non-offenders against their couple (comparison sample). the instruments were sara adapted, the chilean version of the eysenck personality Questionnaire (epQ-r) and the chilean version of the parental Bonding instrument (PBI). The results suggest good reliability coefficients, concurrent validity and diagnostic accuracy. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Hemos experimentado cambios socioculturales que han favorecido el desarrollo de actitudes de roles de género (GRA) más igualitarias. Sin embargo, actualmente la revolución en los roles de género está incompleta y la falta de equidad en las estructuras sociales limita las experiencias individuales en igualdad. Ante esta realidad, la comunidad científica exige un sistema modernizado para medir GRA. Presentamos adaptación, evidencia de validez factorial y convergente, precisión, efecto techo y piso, normas de interpretación por sexo, y análisis del GRA más fácil y difícil de modificar, para la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en muestra de 1013 universitarios chilenos. La EARG tiene una estructura bifactorial que evalúa actitudes estereotipadas y trascendentes en contextos familiares, sociales y laborales. Presenta validez convergente con una medida de doble estándar sexual y es más confiable en puntajes bajos de trascendencia y puntajes altos de actitudes estereotipadas. El factor trascendente tuvo un efecto techo, y las actitudes estereotipadas un efecto suelo. Los roles familiares de género son los más fáciles de cambiar, y los relacionados con el trabajo los más difíciles. Se discute la necesidad de un cambio estructural para reactivar la revolución de los roles de género en Chile. We have experienced sociocultural changes, which have favoured the development of egalitarian gender role attitudes (GRA). Nevertheless, the revolution in gender roles is incomplete, and the lack of equity in social structures limits the individual experiences in equality. In the face of this reality, the scientific community is demanding a modernised system for measuring GRA. We present adaptation, evidence of factorial and convergent validity, accuracy, ceiling and floor effect, norms of interpretation by sex, and analyses of the GRA easiest or most difficult to modify, for the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS) in a sample of 1013 Chilean university students. The GRAS has a two-factor structure that allows the evaluation of stereotyped and transcendent attitudes of gender roles in family, social, and work contexts. The scale presents convergent validity with a sexual double standard measure and is more reliable in the low scores of transcendence and the high scores of stereotyped attitudes. Transcendent factor had a ceiling effect, and stereotyped attitudes had a floor effect. Family gender roles are the easiest to change, and work-related roles the most difficult. The authors discuss the need for a structural change to reactivate the revolution of gender roles in Chile.

El uso adecuado y ético de test psicológicos implica la revisión de diversas evidencias de validez, dentro de las cuales el examen de la invarianza factorial, permite establecer la equivalencia y/o explorar la imparcialidad de los instrumentos cuando estos se utilizan en diversos grupos culturales. En Chile, la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Niños (WISC) se ha utilizado de manera masiva, tanto en población urbana como rural, a pesar de no contar con estudios sobre su ajuste psicométrico en este último grupo. Con una muestra de 480 escolares, el presente estudio examinó la invarianza factorial de la Escala WISC-V, verificando si los constructos medidos son equivalentes y no varían en función de la procedencia urbana o rural de los niños. Los resultados obtenidos permiten aceptar el nivel de invarianza configural y métrica parcial. Se discuten las implicancias teóricas y prácticas del uso de esta escala en población rural chilena.