The purpose was to evaluate the side effects of strains Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin sensu lato Unioeste 43 and M. anisopliae sensu stricto ESALQ 1641 on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under controlled conditions. A free-choice test for parasitism was performed, with the confinement of T. pretiosum females mated with cards (1 × 5 cm) containing age-standardized Anagasta kuehniella Zeller eggs, either sprayed with a fungal strain (109 conidia/ml) or 0.01% v/v Tween 80 (control). For the no-choice tests, T. pretiosum females mated were confined with cards sprayed with fungal strains before or after parasitism, and cards with fungal applications at different times. The number of parasitized eggs, percentage of emergence, longevity, egg-to-adult period, sex ratio, total and confirmed mortality by the fungus, and longevity of females that parasitized previously sprayed eggs, were assessed. Histological analysis of immature phases was also performed. The fungus was repellent to T. pretiosum in the free-choice test, while in the no-choice test, fungal applications before and after parasitism did not affect the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum or the sex ratio of emerging adults. However, both strains affected adult emergence rates, the egg-to-adult period, and longevity. Overall, both M. anisopliae strains had minor effects on these biological parameters of T. pretiosum under controlled conditions. Hyphae were not detected in histological observations of immature stages of the parasitoid.

Efeito de defensivos agrícolas naturais e extratos vegetais sobre parâmetros biológicos de AbstractThis study was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect and compatibility of vegetal and Pycnoporus sanguineus basidiocarps extracts and alternative products on biological parameters of Metarhizium anisopliae fungus. Extracts (solution in water 10%) and natural products (AR = average field recommendation; 0.5 AR and 2.0 AR) are applied on PDA culture media surface previously inoculated with fungi conidia. The effect of the treatment on conidia germination, vegetative growth and conidiogenesis was compared. Most alternative products were compatible to the fungus, and only Bordeaux mixture AR and 2.0 AR were moderately toxic to M. anisopliae. Although some significativally negative effect there were observed on conidial viability (reduction of 50 to 80% by alcoholic extracts), all extracts were compatible. This point to the necessity to be careful with application, avoiding mixtures or subsequent use of products less than 48 hours after fungi application.

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Beauveria bassiana is naturally found in broiler chicken houses, and has been shown to be active against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus. The effectiveness of soil application of B. bassiana in emulsifiable oil-type formulation (Unioeste 4 isolate) to control the lesser mealworm in commercial poultry house was evaluated. The fungus was applied to the dirt floor of poultry house at 4.2 × 10 9 conidia/m 2 (treated aviary) and the insect population was assessed before and 96, 146 and 216 days after application (DAA). In the control aviary, no treatment was performed to control those insects. Molecular techniques were used to confirm the presence of the fungus in dead A. diaperinus. Significant treatment effects were observed, with 56% and 73% of insect population reduction on 96 and 146 DAA, respectively. However, on 216 DDA, insect population resumed to values close to those initially observed. In the control aviary, the population grew steadily, reaching almost 110% the initial population on 96 DAA, and close to 200% on 216 DDA. The results demonstrate the potential of the applied control strategy, even with a single application of the fungus; however, reapplications may be required after 3-6 months for more effective control.

-Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can promote higher grain and meat/milk yield as well as reduce soil degradation risks. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of grazing sheep with moderate intensity and nitrogen doses on soil physical attributes, and bean crop yield (Phaseolus vulgaris Lam.) under rotation with summer corn crop (Zea mays Lam.) and winter pasture with oats (Avena sativa Lam) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with split-plot; the plots were nitrogen doses and the splitplots were grazing presence or absence. The treatments were nitrogen doses of 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha -1 applied on ryegrass and white oat pasture in winter followed by bean crop. Soil density, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity and bean grain yield were evaluated. When ICLS are managed under no-tillage with moderate grazing, sheep trampling did not affect negatively soil physical attributes, which did not reach critical levels for subsequent growth and development of the bean crop. The black bean yield in summer was not affected by antecedent presence of sheep grazing in winter.Key words: Integrated crop-livestock system. Soil compaction. Yield.RESUMO -Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPA) podem promover maior produtividade de grãos e de carne/leite bem como reduzir os riscos de degradação do solo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do pastejo de ovinos com intensidade moderada e das doses de nitrogênio sobre atributos físicos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris Lam.) em rotação com o cultivo do milho (Zea mays Lam.) e a pastagem de inverno com aveia (Avena sativa Lam.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas doses de nitrogênio e as subparcelas a presença ou ausência de pastejo. Os tratamentos foram: as doses de nitrogênio (0; 75; 150 e 225 kg ha -1 ) aplicadas na pastagem de azevém e aveia branca no inverno com cultivo subsequente da cultura do feijão. Foram avaliados os atributos físicos do solo: densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total, bem como a produtividade de grãos na cultura do feijão. Quando o SIPA é conduzido em plantio direto com intensidade moderada de pastejo, o pisoteio de ovinos não interfere negativamente nos atributos físicos do solo, os quais não atingem níveis críticos para o subsequente crescimento e desenvolvimento da lavoura de feijão. O rendimento do feijoeiro no verão não é afetado pela presença antecedente de ovinos na pastagem de inverno. Palavras

RESUMO Embora os inseticidas químicos sejam os mais utilizados no controle do cascudinho dos aviários (Alphitobius diaperinus), falhas no emprego levam ao insucesso do método. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tratamento do solo com inseticida químico sobre a população do cascudinho em aviário de frango de corte. O experimento foi realizado em um aviário comercial, em Cascavel, PR, acompanhando-se a população dos insetos por 6 meses previamente à aplicação, com armadilhas modificadas de Arends. No solo, a população foi monitorada pela retirada de amostras em três momentos: previamente à aplicação, logo após a ela e 3 meses após o tratamento. Após a retirada da cama, aplicou-se um inseticida comercial (cipermetrina, clorpirifós e citronelal) no solo do aviário (5 L de calda/m 2, 2,5 mL do produto/L de água), antes da colocação da nova cama e do alojamento do novo lote. A população dos insetos foi monitorada por igual período e com o mesmo tipo de armadilha. A média obtida antes do tratamento foi de 755 larvas e 89 adultos/armadilha. Após a aplicação, a média de larvas e adultos reduziu-se, para 166 e 23 indivíduos/armadilha, respectivamente. No solo, verificouse elevada mortalidade de larvas e pupas, devido ao contato com o produto que infiltrou, em média, 13 cm.

Control of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer, 1797 [Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae]) is usually conducted with chemical insecticides, which have limited efficacy as well as environmental and health risks. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is safe and effective in controlling many insects including lesser mealworm. However, little is known of DE efficacy against this pest. Thus, an assessment of DE was conducted for the first time in commercial broiler houses in Brazil, with the aim of developing a strategy for the use of DE in the control of this insect. The efficacy of DE was determinate to a minimum concentration, and the application was directed to the most infested sites. The DE applied to the entire poultry house (280 g/m2) was verified to control the insects. DE was also comparable to chemical treatments, with a reduction of 80% in the insect population. DE controlled the lesser mealworm and is recommended for application at a concentration of 280 g/m2 when applied to the surface of new poultry litter, before the first lot of birds is housed. Thereafter, DE should be reapplied before the housing of each lot of birds, in the same concentration, only in the housing area and under the feeders and near the walls and pillars. In addition to being a control strategy, DE can be an important tool in the management of lesser mealworm insecticide resistance.

RESUMO A utilização de plantas inseticidas tem se mostrado uma ferramenta promissora para controle de insetos, contudo ainda há muito pouco no que diz respeito ao efeito sobre Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade inseticida de extratos vegetais visando o controle desse inseto em aviários. Foram testados extratos etanólicos (E), diclorometânicos (D), hexânicos (H) e aquosos (A) de Annonamuricata, Chenopodiumambrosioides, Eucalyptus grandis, Melia azedarach, Ocimum basilicum, Ruta graveolens e Tagetes erecta, e um óleo comercial à base de nim, Azadirachta indica (Dalneem®). Os extratos e o óleo foram diluídos na concentração de 10% e pulverizados sobre os insetos, mantidos em placas de Petri. O controle recebeu aplicação de água destilada. Os tratamentos mais eficientes foram óleo comercial de A. indica (97,5%), extrato de R. graveolens (E) (61,3%), C. ambrosioides (H) (32,5%) e de folhas de M. azedarach (E e D) (ambos 26,3%). Comparou-se também a aplicação direta do óleo sobre o inseto e aplicação na superfície com a qual o inseto ficaria em contato, sendo maior a eficiência quando pulverizado sobre os insetos (100%) em relação ao contato com superfície tratada (40,9%). Comparando-se diferentes concentrações do óleo pulverizado nos insetos, observou-se relação direta entre atividade inseticida e concentração utilizada, não havendo efeito apenas na menor concentração (0,1%). Contudo, o óleo não apresentou atividade sobre os insetos quando aplicado na cama do aviário.