These results indicate that MRI is a useful and valuable tool with reasonable sensitivity (67%) and high specificity (93%) and should be considered as an additional cornerstone in the clinical diagnosis of CJD.

According to the recently established molecular basis for phenotypic heterogeneity of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD), six different phenotypes are characterized by the size of the protease‐resistant fragment of the pathological prion protein (types 1 and 2) and homozygosity or heterozygosity for methionine or valine at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (designated by MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). In the present investigation, we analyzed the value of commonly used clinical tests (electroencephalogram [EEG], detection of 14‐3‐3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], and hyperintensity of the basal ganglia in magnetic resonance imaging) for the clinical diagnosis in each CJD phenotype. The detection of periodic sharp and slow wave complexes in the EEG is reliable in the clinical diagnosis of MM1 and MV1 patients only. The CSF analysis for 14‐3‐3 protein showed high sensitivity in all analyzed subgroups with the exception of MV2 patients. Valine‐homozygous patients had a negative EEG, but most had detectable levels of neuronal proteins in the CSF. The sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging was 70%, irrespective of the subgroup, but was particularly reliable in the clinical diagnosis of MV2 patients. The widening spectrum of diagnostic techniques in CJD is not only useful in the increased accuracy of the clinical diagnosis but should also lead to the identification of more atypical cases of sporadic CJD. Ann Neurol 2000;48:323–329

Depressive mixed state is frequent, particular in bipolar depressives. Unipolar depressives with DMS may be better classified into bipolar spectrum.

Objectives-To describe the clinical presentation of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) who were suspected of having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and to investigate whether current clinical diagnostic criteria cover these atypical forms of AD and DLB. Methods-Brains from necropsy were examined for the diagnosis of CJD at the German reference centre for spongiform encephalopathies. Symptoms and signs in patients with suspected CJD in whom necropsy showed AD (n=19) or DLB (n=12) were analysed. Their data were compared with a group of patients with CJD (n=25) to determine overlapping and discriminating clinical features. All patients were classified according to clinical diagnostic criteria for CJD, AD, and DLB. Results-Demented patients were suspected of having CJD if disease was rapidly progressing and/or focal neurological signs appeared and/or an EEG showed sharp wave complexes. Myoclonus and limb rigidity were the most common neurological signs in all three dementias. DLB was not suspected in any patient, although patients with DLB showed parkinsonism (58%) and fluctuations (58%). Periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWCs) in EEG typical of CJD were found in five patients with AD and one patient with DLB. 14-3-3 Protein in CSF was detected in 20 patients with CJD, in two patients with AD, but not in any patient with DLB. Although most patients with DLB or AD met the clinical criteria for their respective diagnosis (74% and 90%), they also fulfilled criteria for CJD (42% and 58%). Conclusions-In patients with rapidly progressive dementia and focal neurological signs, CJD should be the first line diagnosis. Facing the triad dementia, myoclonus, and rigidity, AD should be considered if the disease course is longer and DLB is the diVerential diagnosis if parkinsonism or fluctuations are present. Findings on EEG or CSF typical of CJD do not exclude AD or DLB. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;71:33-39)

No abstract

Malnutrition, poor health, hunger, and even starvation are still the world's greatest challenges. Malnutrition is defined as deficiency of nutrition due to not ingesting the proper amounts of nutrients by simply not eating enough food and/or by consuming nutrient-poor food in respect to the daily nutritional requirements. Moreover, malnutrition and disease are closely associated and incidences of such diet-related diseases increase particularly in low-and middle-income states. While foods of animal origin are often unaffordable to low-income families, various neglected crops can offer an alternative source of micronutrients, vitamins, as well as health-promoting secondary plant metabolites. Therefore, agricultural and horticultural research should develop strategies not only to produce more food, but also to improve access to more nutritious food. In this context, one promising approach is to promote biodiversity in the dietary pattern of low-income people by getting access to nutritional as well as affordable food and providing recommendations for food selection and preparation. Worldwide, a multitude of various plant species are assigned to be consumed as grains, vegetables, and fruits, but only a limited number of these species are used as commercial cash crops. Consequently, numerous neglected and underutilized species offer the potential to diversify not only the human diet, but also increase food production levels, and, thus, enable more sustainable and resilient agro-and horti-food systems. To exploit the potential of neglected plant (NP) species, coordinated approaches on the local, regional, and international level have to be integrated that consequently demand the involvement of numerous multi-stakeholders. Thus, the objective of the present review is to evaluate whether NP species are important as "Future Food" for improving the nutritional status of humans as well as increasing resilience of agro-and horti-food systems.

Low levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF do not exclude a diagnosis of CJD. Decreased levels of Abeta1-42 in CSF can occur without beta-amyloid plaque formation in the brain. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon must be elucidated.

A variety of studies have demonstrated that motor disorders, parkinsonism and extrapyramidal motor symptoms (EPMS) are common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several studies have reported an association of EPMS with severity, progression and poor prognosis of AD. The majority of these studies used clinical assessments for the rating of EPMS. In this study, kinematic handwriting analysis was used to quantify differences in fine hand motor function in patients with probable AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, as an assumed initial stage of AD) compared to depressed patients and healthy controls. Both patients with MCI and patients with probable AD exhibited loss of fine motor performance. Movements of AD patients were significantly less regular than those of healthy controls.