The Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) (Modelica Association 2021b) is a tool independent standard for the exchange of dynamic models and for co-simulation. FMI 2.0, released in 2014, is recognized as the de-facto standard in industry for exchanging models and tool coupling, and is currently supported by more than 160 simulation tools. Version 3.0 of the standard brings many new features that allow for advanced co-simulation algorithms and new use cases such as packaging and simulation of highly accurate virtual Electronic Control Units (vECUs). Besides Model-Exchange and Co-Simulation, a third interface type, Scheduled Execution, is defined for purely discrete, RTOS-like, simulation and supports preemption. Clocks allow the synchronization of events between Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs) and the importer. There is better support for data types including binary data and arrays. Advanced co-simulation approaches are enabled by intermediate variable access between communication points and allowing event handling. The composition of systems from FMUs is simplified by terminals that can bundle multiple signals. The concept of layered standards allows the extension of the FMI standard.
We present a hybrid modeling framework with interacting simulative and analytic submodels for the efficient evaluation of common radio resource management (CRRM). It enables a cost-benefit investigation of different CRRM algorithms and architectures. Centralized as well as decentralized scenarios can be clearly defined by five standard components, namely the radio access system, the environment, the user equipment, the CRRM information manager, and the CRRM decider. The costs and time consumption of CRRM operations are taken into account via chargeable messages. The clarity of the model enables an efficient investigation of CRRM algorithms based on optimization theory, game theory, physical models, and other methods. The resulting framework has been implemented as a hybrid simulation model using the discrete event simulation system OMNeTþþ. A convenient and straightforward integration of different wireless network technologies and user service demands is also supported; models for the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) and the global system for mobile communications/enhanced general packet radio service (GSM/EGPRS) are already integrated. The scope of the proposed framework is demonstrated by the evaluation of realistic scenarios.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.