This study examines the genetic connectivity between natural banks of Chilean mussel, Mytilus chilensis, located in Reloncav ı Fjord. This sector is the principal source of seed for commercial farming and has the second-largest aquaculture production volume in the country. The objects of this work are as follows: (1) to estimate the degree of connectivity between patches (microscale) located in the intertidal/subtidal zones, evaluating the presence of selection processes; and (2) to identify connectivity patterns by gene flow between subpopulations (mesoscale) in order to determine whether they all correspond to a common population (metapopulation). We analysed individuals distributed in the intertidal and subtidal zones of five locations by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and eight nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Comparison of the two tidal zones presented differences revealed by the COI gene. The locations presented low genetic differentiation; however, differences were found in both markers at the mouth of the fjord.The differences between the tidal zones may result from differentiated natural selection processes between the intertidal and subtidal environments, with those in the intertidal subjected to greater selective pressure. There is effective connectivity between the locations, facilitated by the capacity for dispersion of the larvae and certain oceanographic processes, which would also explain the differences observed in the location at the mouth of the fjord. Because these banks sustain mussel aquaculture activity throughout the country, it is important to take measures to ensure their proper maintenance, observing all the indicators including their genetic diversity and structure.
Ameghinomya antiqua is one of the most exploited bivalves in Chile, the limited information available on its reproductive biology does not allow proper fishery management decisions to be made. The presence of sexual dimorphism and the sex ratios for this species were detected by observation of gonads extracted from specimens collected from Carelmapu and Quellón. One group of specimens showed milky-white gonads with oocytes (females) while another exhibited orange gonads with spermatocytes (males). The sex ratio obtained in Carelmapu was 1:1.1 (P > 0.05), with 48.5% males and 51.5% females; in Quellón, the sex ratio was 1:1.01 (P > 0.05), with 49.77% males and 50.23% females. We found that dimorphism can be assessed by rapid visual observation of the gonads. Our study proposes an easier and faster way of identifying gender in Ameghinomya antiqua, allowing proper monitoring.
ResumenEsta investigación evalúa las formas de ocupación en el territorio mapuche y sus procesos de transformación en la comuna de Arauco. La hipótesis plantea que se ha perdido la relación simbiótica natural-cultural entre el mapuche y su entorno. La metodología consistió en la caracterización del paisaje de manera cualitativa y cuantitativa en el contexto del grupo indígena, partiendo con 39 indicadores de primera generación, asignados y creados a la medida. Luego se formaron 8 componentes principales o indicadores de segunda generación, representando un área de análisis multidimensional, para luego ser agrupados nuevamente y formar un indicador de tercera generación o Índice de Sustentabilidad del Paisaje de Arauco (ISPA). Cada indicador fue jerarquizado dentro de su componente por medio del Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico (PAJ), resultando una cifra única para entender el estado de sustentabilidad de la comuna analizada en 4 períodos de tiempo (Siglo XVI, Siglo XVII, 1960 y 2016). El análisis de la información evidencia una pérdida de la condición simbiótica natural-cultural. Por último, se realiza la propuesta de una imagen objetivo, llevada a cabo con una sistematización de los resultados y la percepción actual de las comunidades mapuches por medio de talleres y entrevistas donde se graficó el esquema de una unidad comunitaria mínima para un territorio cuantificado por hectáreas y porcentajes promediados según los resultados. La propuesta se enfoca en la visión y recuperación del territorio para lograr la Sustentabilidad del Paisaje Mapuche.Palabras clave: Paisaje Mapuche, Simbiosis Natural-Cultural, Sustentabilidad del Paisaje. AbstractThis investigation evaluates the manner in which the Mapuche occupy their territory and follows its transformational process in the Arauco Commune. The hypothesis seeks to determine if the Mapuche people have lost a natural-cultural symbiotic relationship with their environment. The applied methodology focuses on the characterization of the landscape in a qualitative and quantitative manner per the indigenous group's context, beginning with 39 indicators of first generation, which were assigned and custom created. The study also included 8 main components or second generation indicators, representing a multidimensional analysis area, which were regrouped again to create a third generation indicator or Arauco Landscape Sustainability Index (ISPA). Each indicator was weighed against its components through the Hierarchical Analysis Process (PAJ), resulting with a single number to understand the commune sustainability situation, assessed in 4 periods of time (Century XVI, XVII, year 1960 and. The analysis of the information proves a loss in the natural-cultural symbiotic relation. The final part of this work was the creation of a proposal of the ideal image, achieved with a systematization of the results and the current perception of the Mapuche communities through workshops and interviews. This allowed for an elaboration of a minimum community unity scheme for a quantified ter...
Galaxias species are interesting biogeographic models due to their distribution and different types of life cycles, with migratory and landlocked populations. To obtain a better understanding of the genetic consequences of the Quaternary glacial cycles in Galaxias maculatus, in this work we compared landlocked and migratory populations collected in areas that were differentially affected by ice advances and retreats. We included nine populations of G. maculatus, four collected from lakes (landlocked) and five from their associated estuaries/rivers (migratory) in three estuary-lake systems across southern Chile. Genetic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial control region and nine microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity measured with both markers was significantly higher in migratory than in landlocked populations across the study area. The levels of genetic differentiation showed higher differentiation among lakes than estuaries. Genetic diversity was higher in migratory populations located in areas that were less impacted by ice during Quaternary glacial processes. These results may be the consequence of recent recolonization of small freshwater bodies following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, the greatest differentiation was observed in populations that were exposed to continental ice advances and retreats during the LGM. Thus, in the present work we corroborate a pattern of differentiation between lakes and estuaries, using mtDNA sequences and microsatellite nuclear markers. This pattern may be due to a combination of biological factors, i.e., resident non-migratory behaviour or landlocking and natal homing-in, as well as geological factors, i.e., Expansion-Contraction Quaternary glacial biogeographic processes.
RAPOSO, A.; PREISLER, G. & SALINAS, F. Manejo de herida quirúrgica en infección del territorio maxilofacial. Int. J. Odontostomat., 7(2):293-297, 2013.RESUMEN: El manejo de infecciones maxilofaciales leves o graves tiene como objetivos generales la protección de la vía aérea, eliminación quirúrgica de la fuente de infección, drenajes quirúrgicos de la lesión, antibioterapia adecuada, control de evolución de la lesión y herida facial hasta la resolución completa del proceso infeccioso. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un caso clínico de una infección del territorio maxilofacial, de difícil manejo local y su respuesta al tratamiento junto a la evolución y manejo de la herida facial resultante. Paciente sexo masculino de 48 años de edad, sin antecedentes mórbidos relevantes se presenta en el servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Base de Valdivia con el diagnóstico de flegmón facial izquierdo. Evoluciona con resistencia al tratamiento convencional y lenta cicatrización de herida quirúrgica posterior al vaciamiento del flegmón abscedado. Se utiliza un hidrogel como coadyudante a la terapia, resultando finalmente en la resolución del cuadro clínico. Se discute evolución del cuadro infeccioso junto a las diferentes terapias coadyuvantes para un proceso infeccioso severo.PALABRAS CLAVE: infección maxilofacial, cicatrización de heridas, apósito para heridas, hidrogel. ABSTRACT:The general objective in the management of mild or severe maxillofacial infections, is to protect the airway, realize surgical removal of the source of infection, surgical drainage of the lesion and adequate antibiotic therapy, control during onset of the lesion and facial injury until resolution the infectious process is complete. The aim of this paper is to present a case of an infection of maxillofacial area, difficult to manage locally and its response to treatment with development and management of the resulting facial wound. Patient is a 48 year-old male, without significant morbid history and is treated at the emergency department of the Base Hospital of Valdivia with a subsequent diagnosis of left facial phlegmon. During onset patient presented resistance to conventional treatment and wound healing was slow after emptying abscessed phlegmon. A hydrogel is used as an adjunct to therapy, leading finally to the resolution of clinical case. We discuss evolution of infectious event with various intervention therapies for severe infectious process.KEY WORDS: maxillofacial infection, wound healing, wound dressing, hydrogel. VALENZUELA, A.; RAPOSO, A.; PREISLER, G. & SALINAS, F. Manejo de herida quirúrgica en infección del territorio maxilofacial. Int. J. Odontostomat., 7(2):293-297, 2013.
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