This study examines the genetic connectivity between natural banks of Chilean mussel, Mytilus chilensis, located in Reloncav ı Fjord. This sector is the principal source of seed for commercial farming and has the second-largest aquaculture production volume in the country. The objects of this work are as follows: (1) to estimate the degree of connectivity between patches (microscale) located in the intertidal/subtidal zones, evaluating the presence of selection processes; and (2) to identify connectivity patterns by gene flow between subpopulations (mesoscale) in order to determine whether they all correspond to a common population (metapopulation). We analysed individuals distributed in the intertidal and subtidal zones of five locations by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and eight nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Comparison of the two tidal zones presented differences revealed by the COI gene. The locations presented low genetic differentiation; however, differences were found in both markers at the mouth of the fjord.The differences between the tidal zones may result from differentiated natural selection processes between the intertidal and subtidal environments, with those in the intertidal subjected to greater selective pressure. There is effective connectivity between the locations, facilitated by the capacity for dispersion of the larvae and certain oceanographic processes, which would also explain the differences observed in the location at the mouth of the fjord. Because these banks sustain mussel aquaculture activity throughout the country, it is important to take measures to ensure their proper maintenance, observing all the indicators including their genetic diversity and structure.

Ameghinomya antiqua is one of the most exploited bivalves in Chile, the limited information available on its reproductive biology does not allow proper fishery management decisions to be made. The presence of sexual dimorphism and the sex ratios for this species were detected by observation of gonads extracted from specimens collected from Carelmapu and Quellón. One group of specimens showed milky-white gonads with oocytes (females) while another exhibited orange gonads with spermatocytes (males). The sex ratio obtained in Carelmapu was 1:1.1 (P > 0.05), with 48.5% males and 51.5% females; in Quellón, the sex ratio was 1:1.01 (P > 0.05), with 49.77% males and 50.23% females. We found that dimorphism can be assessed by rapid visual observation of the gonads. Our study proposes an easier and faster way of identifying gender in Ameghinomya antiqua, allowing proper monitoring.

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ResumenEsta investigación evalúa las formas de ocupación en el territorio mapuche y sus procesos de transformación en la comuna de Arauco. La hipótesis plantea que se ha perdido la relación simbiótica natural-cultural entre el mapuche y su entorno. La metodología consistió en la caracterización del paisaje de manera cualitativa y cuantitativa en el contexto del grupo indígena, partiendo con 39 indicadores de primera generación, asignados y creados a la medida. Luego se formaron 8 componentes principales o indicadores de segunda generación, representando un área de análisis multidimensional, para luego ser agrupados nuevamente y formar un indicador de tercera generación o Índice de Sustentabilidad del Paisaje de Arauco (ISPA). Cada indicador fue jerarquizado dentro de su componente por medio del Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico (PAJ), resultando una cifra única para entender el estado de sustentabilidad de la comuna analizada en 4 períodos de tiempo (Siglo XVI, Siglo XVII, 1960 y 2016). El análisis de la información evidencia una pérdida de la condición simbiótica natural-cultural. Por último, se realiza la propuesta de una imagen objetivo, llevada a cabo con una sistematización de los resultados y la percepción actual de las comunidades mapuches por medio de talleres y entrevistas donde se graficó el esquema de una unidad comunitaria mínima para un territorio cuantificado por hectáreas y porcentajes promediados según los resultados. La propuesta se enfoca en la visión y recuperación del territorio para lograr la Sustentabilidad del Paisaje Mapuche.Palabras clave: Paisaje Mapuche, Simbiosis Natural-Cultural, Sustentabilidad del Paisaje. AbstractThis investigation evaluates the manner in which the Mapuche occupy their territory and follows its transformational process in the Arauco Commune. The hypothesis seeks to determine if the Mapuche people have lost a natural-cultural symbiotic relationship with their environment. The applied methodology focuses on the characterization of the landscape in a qualitative and quantitative manner per the indigenous group's context, beginning with 39 indicators of first generation, which were assigned and custom created. The study also included 8 main components or second generation indicators, representing a multidimensional analysis area, which were regrouped again to create a third generation indicator or Arauco Landscape Sustainability Index (ISPA). Each indicator was weighed against its components through the Hierarchical Analysis Process (PAJ), resulting with a single number to understand the commune sustainability situation, assessed in 4 periods of time (Century XVI, XVII, year 1960 and. The analysis of the information proves a loss in the natural-cultural symbiotic relation. The final part of this work was the creation of a proposal of the ideal image, achieved with a systematization of the results and the current perception of the Mapuche communities through workshops and interviews. This allowed for an elaboration of a minimum community unity scheme for a quantified ter...