Dados referentes as fenofases de floração e de frutificação, das espécies de uma floresta de brejo, foram analisados quanto à época de ocorrência e suas possíveis variações nos diferentes hábitos. Os dados foram obtidos mensalmente durante o levantamento florístico das plantas vasculares. Foram registrados: o hábito da espécie, a presença ou ausência de flores e/ou frutos, a cor e a textura dos frutos. Os dados de frutificação foram agrupados quanto à deiscência e textura dos frutos, e estes quando secos e deiscentes, foram analisados quanto à presença ou não de arilo ou arilóide, e de mecanismos explosivos de deiscência. Através desta análise as espécies foram classificadas quanto às síndromes de dispersão. Na comunidade a floração e a frutificação ocorreram durante o ano todo com um pico em junho, comum à maioria das espécies. Quando as espécies são agrupadas pelo hábito, são observadas diferenças quanto à época de ocorrência de seus picos de floração e de frutificação ao longo do ano. A síndrome de dispersão mais freqüente foi a zoocoria (75% das espécies), seguida pela anemocoria (27%) e pela autocoria (l6%). As espécies arborescentes e arbustivas apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de zoocoria (75% e 57% respectivamente) enquanto que, 63% das espécies de lianas apresentaram anemocoria.
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
A revision of the nomenclature of Himatanthus (Apocynaceae) is presented as part of a taxonomic revision. Himatanthus as accepted here comprises nine Neotropical species. The infrageneric and infraspecific taxa proposed by Plumel and Müller, Woodson and Plumel, respectively, are not recognized. Lectotypes are designated for the following names: P. floribunda, P. floribunda var. crassipes, P. lancifolia, P. tarapotensis and P. warmingii. Neotypes are designated for H. rigidus, P. ambigua, P. latifolia and P. lancifolia var. microphylla. An examination of the types of both H. phagedaenicus and H. bracteatus showed that recently these names have been misapplied. Complete synonymies are provided for the nine recognized species of Himatanthus. Also, the new combination H. revolutus (Huber) Spina & Kinoshita is effected.
The development of chemical sensor technology in recent years has stimulated an interest regarding the use of characteristic volatiles and odors as a rapid and early indication of deterioration in fruit quality. The fungal infestation by Drechslera sp. in melons is a severe problem, and we demonstrate that electronic sensors based on carbon nanostructures are able to detect the presence of these fungi in melon. The responses of sensor conductance G and capacitance C at 27 kHz were measured and used to calculate their ΔG and ΔC variation over the full melon ripening process under shelf conditions with proliferation of Drechslera sp. fungi. The sensor response showed that these fungi can be electronically identified in charentais melon, constituting an effective and cheap test procedure to differentiate between infected and uninfected melon.
The delimitation of Himatanthus (Apocynaceae) species has long been problematic, and much confusion remains as to which names and species delimitations should be adopted. In order to recognize and clarify the species of Himatanthus occurring in Peru, herbarium specimens were examined, coupled with detailed field observations. The present study recognizes three species in Peru: H. revolutus, H. tarapotensis and H. phagedaenicus. A key to identify the species, as well as descriptions, synonymy, specimens cited, and taxonomic comments are presented.
We explored the concentration patterns of the bioactive metabolite plumericin produced by Himatanthus tarapotensis (Apocynaceae) under different edaphic conditions and variations in rainfall intensity, as well as its potential role in the chemical defense against insect herbivores. Values of plumericin concentration from leaves were obtained by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, and evaluated as a function of differences in soil types, variation of precipitation, and variation of the abundance of insect herbivores, using first a Repeated Measures Correlation (rmcorr) and then a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis. Plumericin concentration is highly variable among plants, but with a significantly higher concentration in plants growing on clay soil compared to that of the white-sand soil habitat (p < 0.001). Plumericin concentration is not affected by precipitation. The caterpillar of Isognathus leachii (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is the most conspicuous herbivore of H. tarapotensis, and its presence is continuous but not related to plumericin concentration, probably because of its capacity to elude the chemical defense of this plant. Nevertheless, our multivariate model revealed that plumericin concentration is related to the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), and this relationship is significantly influenced by the soil parameters of carbon percentage, clay percentage, and phosphorous percentage (p < 0.001). Plumericin is a mediating agent in the interaction between H. tarapotensis and its natural environment. Variation in plumericin concentration would be induced by the abundance of Hymenoptera (Formicidae), probably as a chemical response against these insects, and by differences in soil nutrient availability.
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